<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="365" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/internet-g208381f09_1920-820x365.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-413546" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/internet-g208381f09_1920-820x365.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/internet-g208381f09_1920-300x134.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/internet-g208381f09_1920-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/internet-g208381f09_1920-768x342.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/internet-g208381f09_1920-1536x684.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/internet-g208381f09_1920.jpg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption>Photo: via Pixabay</figcaption></figure>



In a recent report, the International Criminal Police Organisation, otherwise known as INTERPOL,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2021/INTERPOL-report-identifies-top-cyberthreats-in-Africa" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">provided insight into cyber-crime in Africa</a>. Remarkably INTERPOL found that South Africa has the third-highest number of cyber-crime victims in the world, at a cost of R2.2 billion a year.



For too long, online scams, extortion and business emails being compromised have plagued the country. Everyone knows the stories &#8211; criminals tricking individuals in to revealing personal or financial information, corporate systems being hacked, and the blocking of vital computer systems at public institutions and infrastructure such as hospitals, with a demand for money to restore working order.



The data shows that the scale of cyber-crime across Africa is such that it has become one of the most prominent challenges to the ease of doing business, and ultimately economic development. In South Africa, there has been a phenomenal&nbsp;<a href="https://businesstech.co.za/news/it-services/531990/south-africa-under-cyber-attack-interpol-reveals-top-threats-in-south-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increase in mobile banking application fraud</a>&nbsp;and as a country, we are estimated to suffer 577 malware attacks an hour.



It is time to get smart and use legal means and enforcement to protect citizens against cyber-crime. Given that the problem transcends national borders, the solution must be multinational, requiring greater international co-operation. Having served as the South African Permanent Representative at the United Nations in Geneva and later as Permanent Representative of South Africa at the United Nations in New York, I have great faith in the power of governments to unite and work together to solve collective challenges.



Throughout&nbsp; my tenure at the United Nations, New York, and in particular during South Africa’s two year term on Security Council (2019-2020) as well as when one was the President of the United Nations Security Council&nbsp; in October 2019 and December 2020, one realised the importance of new ideas ,breaking down geo-political divides and ensuring that every nation had a powerful voice, was evident. Problems could be solved with collective willpower. The threat posed by cyber-crime is no different, and the international community must strengthen the tools at the disposal of national governments.&nbsp;



The enactment of&nbsp;<a href="https://issafrica.org/iss-today/south-africa-lays-down-the-law-on-cybercrime#:~:text=In%20summary%2C%20cybercrime%20is%20now,forgery%2C%20fraud%20and%20extortion%20online." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new legislation in South Africa</a>&nbsp;earlier this year has been a good first step that&nbsp; signalled the government’s intention to get tough on this crime. It saw the introduction of a clear definition for what constitutes cyber-crime – the lack of which has previously hampered investigations and prosecutions of internet-based crimes. However much more is needed in terms of international co-operation and collective action.



The next move should be increased knowledge sharing between nations with far greater expertise and experience in handling cybercrime. INTERPOL has taken some measures in this regard, launching in May 2021&nbsp;<a href="https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2021/INTERPOL-launches-initiative-to-fight-cybercrime-in-Africa" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a new cybercrime operations desk</a>&nbsp;with funding from the UK, helping 49 African countries. However much more is needed in order to facilitate international co-operation.



This should start with INTERPOL, working to support its constituent members to combat cybercrime, and, as one candidate for the upcoming&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2021/09/02/why-i-am-running-to-be-interpols-next-president/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Presidency of the organisation has said</a>, criminals are outpacing law-enforcement agencies with the adoption of the latest technologies.



Dr Ahmed Naser Al-Raisi, the UAE’s candidate for the Presidency, has signalled his intent to integrate cutting-edge technologies into INTEPROL’s operations, and enhance the exchange of information through databases. This can only be a good thing in the global fight against cybercrime. Should he be elected, he has also suggested that he will put ‘Africa at the heart of his agenda’, a clear reason why African nations should look to support him at the upcoming General Assembly in Istanbul.



The second step must be increased diplomatic and multilateral efforts. Given the impact on South Africa of cyber-crime, we should be leading the conversation. The world has recently come together to work towards reaching solutions to the challenges posed by climate change at COP 26 in Glasgow, and we should in a similar way be creating a global forum to address cyber-crime.



Such efforts must include those states such as Russia that have an important role to play and a recent move to exclude the country from a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-excluded-30-country-meeting-fight-ransomware-cyber-crime-2021-10-13/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">30-country meeting to discuss ransomware</a>&nbsp;and other cyber crime was a mistake.



If the world is serious about getting tough on cyber-crime, the only route forward is through greater international co-operation, that includes a strong African voice.



By Jerry Matthews Matjila, former Permanent Representative of South Africa to the United Nations

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International co-operation should be at the heart of the fight against cyber-crime

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="545" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/7337652668_52d4478835_o-820x545.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-413488" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/7337652668_52d4478835_o-820x545.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/7337652668_52d4478835_o-300x199.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/7337652668_52d4478835_o-136x90.jpg 136w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/7337652668_52d4478835_o-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/7337652668_52d4478835_o-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/7337652668_52d4478835_o-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption>Maize under conservation agriculture in Malawi. Photo: via Flickr</figcaption></figure>



With more than a million people facing hunger, the&nbsp;<a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1094632" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">famine in southern Madagascar</a>&nbsp;this year was driven largely by climate change.



And yet research shows that this will only be one of many around the world to be directly linked to higher temperatures, with up to&nbsp;<a href="https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/110918/OneCGIAR-Strategy.pdf?sequence=6&amp;isAllowed=y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">600 million people</a>&nbsp;to become undernourished by 2050 if warming exceeds 2°C.



Many of the world’s more than 500 million smallholder farmers, especially across developing regions, are already struggling to adapt to these dramatic changes that will&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">only worsen</a>&nbsp;as warming continues.



Millions of&nbsp;smallholder farmers lack access to improved crops that have been increasingly bred to tolerate conditions like heat, droughts, floods, and less predictable rainfall.



If more widely adopted, these higher-quality and more resilient varieties would increase food security for millions of families, particularly those in more climate-vulnerable regions.



Yet, breeding climate-resilient crop varieties alone is only part of the solution. Development partners must also help to build or support networks that ensure improved seeds reach farmers who need them by making them available, affordable, and accessible.



Estimates suggest that an investment of USD$20 million per year in these ‘<a href="https://www.cgiar.org/initiative/06-seedqual-delivering-genetic-gains-in-farmers-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seed systems</a>’, would not only increase the supply of much-needed high-quality seeds by 50 percent in six targeted climate-vulnerable countries, but would also create tens of thousands of jobs in seed and related businesses, including for women and young people.



And to most effectively prepare for the impact of climate change, this investment must be directed towards those varieties and crops we know can withstand the increasingly unpredictable changes we are seeing around the world.



Cassava, for instance, is a hardy staple root crop across Africa that is vital to both food and economic security for the poorest smallholders, and yet yield in countries like Nigeria has remained low, at less than 10 tons per hectare, for a lack of quality seed material.



Traditional agro-dealers rarely sell planting material and free distributions by government agencies or partners can be unreliable, leaving some of the most resource-poor farmers without the means of producing food.



But by investing in and establishing seed enterprises that sell high-yielding cassava stems, it is possible to create a pipeline of quality and resilient planting material that is accessible to farmers who most need it.



Such an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.iita.org/news-item/project-to-build-sustainable-cassava-seed-system-in-africa-gets-new-phase/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">approach</a>, led by the CGIAR’s International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), has shown success in Nigeria, where 150 such enterprises were launched to produce cassava seeds certified by government agencies.



A similar approach is being used in Tanzania, where more than 600 cassava seed entrepreneurs have established successful small-scale businesses selling certified seed of high-yielding disease-resistant varieties. This is helping to tackle the devastating cassava brown streak virus disease whose effects have been exacerbated by climate change impacts.



Meanwhile, investing in seed development can also make a positive difference for the incomes of many of the world’s most vulnerable farmers. For example, in the aftermath of a maize harvest failure in&nbsp;<a href="https://blog.ciat.cgiar.org/scaling-success-leading-change-with-the-syngenta-foundation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">western Kenya in 2012</a>, a US$1 million investment in seed production of an improved bean variety led to more than US$3 million in revenues within just three years, and allowed nearly 170,000 farmers in the region access to higher-performing and more resilient seeds.



However, to ensure investments in climate-smart varieties are successful, scientists developing those varieties need to understand exactly which traits and characteristics farmers and consumers need, so that seeds can match farmers food needs as well as market demand.



Furthermore, farmers currently upgrade the crop varieties they grow on average once every 14 years. But if we are to meet the pressing demands of climate change and hunger, new business models are needed to cut this timeframe to at least once every decade, helping farmers to produce more efficient and resilient crops, sooner.



Finally, many farmers are wary of adopting new crop varieties given each planting season may be their only opportunity in a year to earn enough to feed their families and send their children to school. Research shows that better seeds can bring a return on investment, but we urgently need to help farmers minimize the risks and support them in making these upgrades for the better.



Ultimately, investment from the public and private sectors will help farmers secure new, more productive, and more resilient planting materials in a lower risk environment. This investment will be crucial if we are to address the world’s dual hunger and climate crisis.



With the demands of climate change and a growing population here to stay, investment in better seeds for farmers is a fast-track path we can take to climate-proofing our future food systems.



Ian Barker, PhD, Program Director, CGIAR International Potato Center



James Legg, PhD, plant virologist, CGIAR International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

Maize under conservation agriculture in Malawi

Climate change is triggering a hunger pandemic. Better crop varieties for farmers are key to the solution.

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="582" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/For-You-App-Shot-820x582.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-413364" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/For-You-App-Shot-820x582.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/For-You-App-Shot-300x213.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/For-You-App-Shot-127x90.jpg 127w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/For-You-App-Shot-768x545.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/For-You-App-Shot-1536x1090.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/For-You-App-Shot-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /></figure>



We recently made headlines by powering a solution that delivered the first personalized mobile banking experience to customers in the MEA region. This is significant because it was initiated at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, out of a recognition that the time was now to advance digital transformation plans to meet consumers’ digital banking needs. It is also a testament to how consumers are the ultimate winners when banks and fintech companies work together in a partnership ecosystem.



So, what does the MEA region’s first personalized mobile banking experience mean to customers? First and foremost, it means that their data is finally being used to serve them in banking much like it is already leveraged for better experiences by big tech companies like Google and Netflix. With AI and machine learning, we are able to contextualize a customer’s data (while preserving their privacy) so that it delivers banking and retail recommendations they can actually use. By anticipating the individual needs of a customer, the mobile banking app is transformed into a destination for relevant information, service and advice, on a daily basis or several times a day.



Customers have access to a personalized dashboard via the mobile app that also allows them to opt-in to share their location and receive tailored, relevant offers and experiences in real-time from nearby merchants. Customers can also set personal saving goals as well as monitor and track their progress through gamified experiences. The platform engages customers with timely nudges and visual reminders to assist them in achieving their savings goals, thus encouraging and enabling their financial well-being.



Working within a fintech partnership ecosystem, banks are able to deliver end-to-end personalized banking, giving them the ability to know their customers and orchestrate a set of tailored experiences that deliver value and build trust and loyalty. Personalization in banking is a win-win for banks and their customers and represents the future of banking.



Amir Yazdanpanah &#8211; Managing Director MEA, Flybits

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Personalization is a Win-Win in Digital Banking

<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="alignleft size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Deshni-Harricharan-756x800.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-413358" width="336" height="354"/><figcaption>Deshni Harricharan, National Sales Manager</figcaption></figure></div>



The pandemic has forced business leaders to rethink almost every part of their operations. Various challenges and disruptions to business continuity arose almost overnight, and many have are now relying more heavily on technology to develop new offerings, operate remotely, and deliver goods and services through digital channels.



Digital transformation, which already topped the agenda for most CIOs before 2020, became a key enabler of resilience. Those already on their digital journeys had their resilience tested to its core during the early stages of the pandemic. Those who weren’t, found themselves under tremendous pressure to accelerate their journeys, or risk becoming obsolete.



In some cases, businesses found that their technology infrastructure was inadequate, and they struggled to respond with the required flexibility, while others were able to pivot their business models to unlock broader opportunities in a constrained business environment. Technology can help organisations overcome both present and future challenges, enabling innovation and operational continuity, especially during a global crisis. So, what has the pandemic changed, and how can technology help businesses achieve resilience in the face of new challenges?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adjusting-to-the-new-normal">Adjusting to the new normal</h2>



When the shift from business-as-usual to crisis management happened, businesses had no way of knowing that they would suddenly have to scale their digital infrastructure to be able to reach customers, enable employees to work remotely, and overcome various other challenges. Supply chain disruptions, a global shortage of resources, cashflow constraints, the unavailability of frontline staff, and gaps in continuity planning all presented significant risks to business continuity.



As organisations hastily tried to accelerate their digital transformation efforts to meet these new challenges with innovative digital solutions, they were also subject to greater cybersecurity risks. &nbsp;



Working remotely meant that distributed workforces were suddenly using their private networks, personal laptops, home Internet, and preferred applications to access their workplace’s corporate network, and with it, sensitive business data. However, this “bring-your-own-everything” trend meant a far wider attack surface, and malicious actors began to capitalise on this, targeting underprepared and unprotected businesses and employees, and making disaster recovery even more difficult.



This, coupled with an increased dependence on public cloud services, unsecured apps, and vulnerable virtual private networks (VPNs), saw entities of every size&nbsp;becoming more vulnerable to network intrusion, business email compromise, phishing, <a href="https://seacom.co.za/business-insights/your-it-network-under-ddos-attack-seacom-can-help-you-now/">DDos</a>, and social engineering attacks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Resilience through technology</h2>



The technologies used during the move to working from home helped businesses remain operational. Most people with a laptop and an Internet connection made the transition seamlessly, and a slew of technologies such as VPNs,&nbsp; voice over Internet protocols (VoIPs), virtual meetings, cloud technologies, and collaboration tools enabled us to carry on as “normal”.



This taught us that technology can build resilience through innovation and flexibility, giving businesses the ability to operate during times of change with minimal impact on critical operations, and allowing them to be better prepared for future challenges. But achieving resilience is about more than just having the right tools and technologies; it is also about being able to recognise new challenges as they arise, and identify the technologies that can help solve them. This means that business leaders must have a good understanding of their existing technological infrastructure, its shortcomings, and how they can fix it.



With limited resources at their disposal, businesses need to ensure that they can rationalise which technology project they need to prioritise. Naturally, critical business operations need to come first, and employees need to be equipped with the right tools and guidance to support this shift in priorities. While cashflow constraints may mean that some projects may have to be put on hold, it is also important to know when to fight for additional technology investments that would accelerate recovery, improve business performance, or create new revenue streams.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Start with the foundation</h2>



The migration towards hybrid work models has resulted in increased network traffic and new usage patterns, which is why businesses need to equip their connectivity, security, and network infrastructure with modern capabilities. This will ensure that they have the technological foundation to support these new ways of working. Connectivity infrastructure has become the gateway to almost every business interaction today. Teams or Zoom, for example, are now essential communication and collaboration platforms. Several business processes and applications have moved to the cloud, and if businesses don’t have a plan in place, a sudden increase in network traffic can easily result in costly downtimes, poor application performance, or frustrating service delivery for online customers.



Businesses cannot undergo digital transformation without implementing strong security measures along every step of the way. With more employees working from more vulnerable home networks, security mechanisms, such as VPNs and access control, need to be present in every layer of a network.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A cloud-first approach</h2>



The pandemic has undoubtedly accelerated the migration towards the cloud, providing businesses with the convenience of accessing services and resources from anywhere, enabling remote collaboration between teams, and powering more innovative business functions. Organisations can push out workflows to improve employee productivity, make remote configuration changes, and offer customers self-service capabilities. <a href="https://seacom.co.za/media-centre/four-steps-successful-cloud-migration/">The cloud gives businesses the flexibility to scale their infrastructure up or down</a> – such as their bandwidth, storage, or computing capacity – to meet fluctuating demands, which often occur during a crisis.



A cloud-first approach has become the new normal, and has proven to be a valuable lifeline for many companies over the last 18 months. Because of the cloud’s flexible nature, this technology gives business leaders the confidence to meet both present and future challenges with the capacity to scale and operate remotely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Preparing for the digital future</h2>



The pandemic forced many of us to rethink the way we do business, and it has challenged the established paradigm of the physical workspace and the way companies operate as a whole. Digital resilience is not only a cluster of technologies, strategies, policies, and practices that protect our ability to maintain, change, and recover in the event of a crisis. It has become a mindset that has taught us that businesses should not only invest in their remote work capabilities, but also look at their wider technological ecosystem to make wiser investment decisions that support resilience. The business world is on a steady track towards rapid digitalisation, and those who delay digital transformation will only be left behind.



Navigating the growing complexities of ever-changing technologies may seem daunting at times, and that is when businesses need to ensure that they are partnered with the right technology leaders to guide and support them. A good technology partner, <a href="https://seacom.co.za/">like SEACOM</a>, will have the industry expertise to understand a business’ unique requirements, and help achieve organisational resilience by building adaptable, future-ready technological infrastructure.

Deshni-Harricharan

Achieving business resilience through technology

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="547" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/NKOOYGKDSBP7NCA6VPA6PUGV64-820x547.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-413155" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/NKOOYGKDSBP7NCA6VPA6PUGV64-820x547.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/NKOOYGKDSBP7NCA6VPA6PUGV64-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/NKOOYGKDSBP7NCA6VPA6PUGV64-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/NKOOYGKDSBP7NCA6VPA6PUGV64-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/NKOOYGKDSBP7NCA6VPA6PUGV64.jpg 960w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption>A local casts his vote during the local government elections, at a farm in Alewynspoort, outside Johannesburg, South Africa November 1, 2021. REUTERS/Siphiwe Sibeko</figcaption></figure>



Following the local government election, the focus now is on the potential coalitions. In numerous municipalities, including five of the metropolitan municipalities, no party was able to achieve more than 50%, thus triggering an intense and potentially heated negotiation with regard to possible coalition governments at a local level.&nbsp; With the DA already having said that it will not go into a coalition with the ANC or EFF, it is possible that some municipalities will be unable to conclude coalition agreements necessary to ensure proper governance.



Yet coalitions are entirely unnecessary.



The Local Government: Municipal Structures Act provides for two types of government at a municipal level.&nbsp; The ultimate decision as to which type of government is utilised is made by the provincial minister responsible for local government.&nbsp; The first system of government is the one which has been employed by almost all municipalities across the country over the past couple of decades. This is the executive mayoral system.&nbsp; It is a system in terms of which the executive mayor is extremely powerful. In many ways, the executive mayor has more power at a local level than a premier has at provincial level, or the President has at national level.&nbsp; It is thus a winner-take-all system. Accordingly, when it comes to the negotiations with regard to coalitions, a huge amount of debate will need to take place as to who will serve as the executive mayor and how the executive mayor&#8217;s powers will be constrained to take into consideration the other parties in the coalition.&nbsp;



The executive mayoral system has proved to be highly politicised with numerous municipalities focusing more on issues of political debate and conflict than on their obligation to engage in service delivery, particularly with regard to electricity, water, waste and, to a certain extent, housing.&nbsp;



The Municipal Structures Act offers an alternative system of government which is far more geared towards co-operation between political parties and service delivery. This is the collective executive system.&nbsp; In terms of this system, the mayor is not an executive mayor and largely plays a ceremonial role. Power does not lie in the hands of the mayor, but in the hands of the executive committee.



The Municipal Structures Act provides that the executive committee must be composed in such a way that parties and interests represented in the council are represented in the executive committee in substantially the same portion they are represented in the council. A council can decide on an alternative mechanism, but that mechanism must still comply with the requirements in section 160(8) of the Constitution which stipulates that the different parties must be &#8220;fairly represented&#8221; on the executive committee.&nbsp;



The collective executive system will inevitably trigger a more co-operative approach when it comes to issues of service delivery. All the major parties in a council will be represented on the executive committee. They will meet regularly and be forced to work together. That assists in depoliticising the council and allowing the collective leadership to focus on service delivery, which should be an uncontentious agenda for all political parties. In hung councils there will no longer be a governing party and opposition benches because the main parties will all be represented in the leadership structure.



If the collective executive system is adopted, it will then be unnecessary for political parties to enter into complex and contested coalition agreements.&nbsp; Thus, for example, if one party got 40% of the vote, another 30%, another 20%, and another 10%, a ten-person executive committee would be represented on a 4, 3 ,2, 1 basis by those leading parties (assuming they adopt a strict proportional model). It will also lessen the influence of those small parties which got limited support in the election, but which can become kingmakers in coalition negotiations.



Municipalities and provincial governments should give careful consideration to shifting from an executive mayoral to a collective executive system.  No change in law is required. It simply requires a determination by the provincial ministers responsible for local government.

NKOOYGKDSBP7NCA6VPA6PUGV64

Coalitions at local government level can be avoided – there is an alternative

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="461" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Burst-3-Earth-Justice_Article-Image-1-820x461.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-413266" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Burst-3-Earth-Justice_Article-Image-1-820x461.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Burst-3-Earth-Justice_Article-Image-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Burst-3-Earth-Justice_Article-Image-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Burst-3-Earth-Justice_Article-Image-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Burst-3-Earth-Justice_Article-Image-1.jpg 1022w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /></figure>



More than ever, it is now or never. Climate justice is the defining imperative of our time. In southern Africa, climate change-induced vulnerability to drought is already a human rights crisis. Adapting to a new climate reality and reducing South Africa’s carbon footprint requires a whole-of-society response, says <a href="https://www.wits.ac.za/staff/academic-a-z-listing/f/tracy-lynnfieldwitsacza/">Professor Tracy-Lynn Field</a> from <a href="http://www.wits.ac.za/">Wits University</a> where she serves as the Claude Leon Foundation Chair in Earth Justice and Stewardship.



Extreme weather events &#8211; wild fires, hurricanes, flash floods and specifically in southern Africa, dire drought – have already taken hold, bringing a train of suffering in their wake.



The call for climate justice is a call for humanity to respond with respect, responsibility and reverence for the Earth that sustains all life &#8211; but are we listening? “We have to take care of our water resources as every drop is sacred,” says Field. “Everyone needs to get behind preparing for the climate crisis and putting solutions on a sustainable track, with a particular focus on water.”



<a href="http://www.wits.ac.za/">Wits University</a>&nbsp;is at the forefront of water research and development and is working with the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uwc.ac.za/">University of the Western Cape</a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/">University of Edinburgh</a>&nbsp;in the UK in the form of the <a href="https://wits100.wits.ac.za/our-campaign/clf-water-stewardship-programme/">Claude Leon Foundation Water Stewardship programme</a>. The Water Stewardship programme of research, postgraduate supervision and advocacy is an inter- and transdisciplinary programme that tackles current and future water challenges, with the aim of finding solutions that will benefit communities in South Africa, and the continent.



The Foundation has generously funded a R15.7 million Water Stewardship programme. “Our aim is simple – to expand human freedoms while easing planetary pressures. The complex interplay between environmental problems and socio-economic hardships requires collaboration across traditionally separate disciplines such as Science and Law, between institutions in different countries, and it requires academe to interact more with society,” she explains.



<a href="https://www.wits.ac.za/staff/academic-a-z-listing/s/craigsheridanwitsacza/">Professor Craig Sheridan</a>, the Claude Leon Foundation Chair in Water Research, adds: “Life flows from water and water holds all life. Water is precious, an ever-flowing interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and the systems undergirding human well-being: food production, shelter, transport, energy, play, industry, and health. And yet water is not with all of us. Globally, among regions, between localities, water is a profoundly unevenly distributed resource and its scarcity prompts hardship, a loss of dignity, conflict, even death. These are some of the reasons why this research is so important in South Africa.”



Field speaks more of the imperative behind the Water Stewardship programme as she highlights what struck her in the IPCC 6th Assessment Report on the physical science basis of climate change, published in August 2021. “Most of the world will get wetter and warmer with one of the exceptions being our region, which will unfortunately be getting drier and hotter. This trend is already observable from the narrow avoidance of “Day Zero” in Cape Town, to there now being a national drought declaration in the Northern, Eastern and Western Cape – the worst drought in this region for 100 years.”



We should be holding every drop of water sacred, but a lot of our rivers are dying of filth. While this is a strong claim to make, it is true, she says. “Sewage is a major water pollution problem as the management of our water treatment structure is abysmal. There are 19 million people who depend on the Vaal, yet we are not managing this central life or death resource with the care it deserves. We have to face the real possibility of a Day Zero in Gauteng if this is not urgently addressed.”



She notes that South Africa has substantial water infrastructure that is not serving people. “There are two dams in Limpopo which, together, hold 750 million litres of water. Despite that, there are people living in the Sekhukhune District with no access to the water, as this water serves the mines.” This is a time, she says, to be clear that everyone in this country has a right to access sufficient water. We need leaders of integrity that can put this right at the top of the agenda.



With the social turbulence that a rapidly changing climate can induce, it will be critical to protect an open society and the integrity of democratic governance structures. A rights-based order must be protected, as authoritarian rule can easily get a foothold in crisis conditions. Some countries have already had a taste of that in their COVID19 response. “In South Africa, we need to armourplate our institutions to survive drought democracy,” she emphasises.



There are many exciting technical solutions in the field of renewable energy and water adaptation, Field enthuses. Scaling these up will require collective willpower and an aligned vision with immediate goals, together with action on the ground. The fear that time is running out is real, but fear has a paralysing effect. “We must nurture intersubjective hope that humanity can rise to this existential threat and believe that commitment, compassion and love – for each other and for the intricate and awe-inspiring web of life that sustains us – can carry us through.”



She cites the dynamic work around the Climate Justice Charter by <a href="https://www.wits.ac.za/staff/academic-a-z-listing/s/vishwassatgarwitsacza/">Dr&nbsp; Vishwas Satgar</a>. “This work, explains Field, “is an all-encompassing vision for a provisioned future for humanity that includes addressing food sovereignty as per Section 234 of the Constitution. We need this kind of vision as we not only explore but demonstrably put alternatives in place, and these actions need to be massively scaled up.”



She also mentions the work of Professor Craig Sheridan and <a href="https://www.wits.ac.za/staff/academic-a-z-listing/t/andrewthatcherwitsacza/">Professor Andrew Thatcher</a> in S’swetla. In this neighbourhood in the Alexandra township, three years of dedicated inter-disciplinary research on constructed wetlands for treating greywater (washing water) in unplanned settlements, is laying the foundation for an improved sense of well-being in these communities.



Other projects in the Water Stewardship programme include app-based potable water test-strips to promote access to the right to safe water in vulnerable communities; and supporting evidence-based legislative, political, and judicial decision making to protect South Africa’s strategic water source areas. A further project is focused on galvanising accountability mechanisms for system-level failures in South African water treatment plants.



Additional notable work is being conducted by Wits, for example on the issue of Domestic Sanitation by its School of Governance, through which a multi-disciplinary group is working&nbsp; for the next 18 months to align policy briefs on the matter. There are two beacons of hope in the sphere of localised Earth Justice and Stewardship, one being “positive sounds from Eskom around greening operations” and further opening of the renewables market. The sun has hardly been tapped into and if harnessed, can unlock new energy democracy. That said, we need to ensure that vested interests do not stop these renewable energy projects from taking off, she cautions. 



The second beacon of hope is the sense of democratic regeneration and solidarity that emerged in the wake of the civil unrest and looting that rocked South Africa in July 2021. This event showed that the vast majority of South Africans want peace, not anarchy, and sparked the rebuilding instinct of the nation.



COP26 is underway with high expectations circling around active outcomes from the forum. Yet as citizens we have a contribution to make to right the imbalance and right the future away from climate injustice. “Every degree to which we listen and act For Good counts towards how we will – or will not – claw back a state of environmental rebalance.&nbsp; The time for denial is over around all dimensions of climate change and we need to mobilise every resource in society,” concludes Field.



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Wits is an academic thought leader driving the global change agenda. In 2022, we celebrate 100 years of making change happen and look towards transforming the future. Find out more: <a href="https://wits100.wits.ac.za/">https://wits100.wits.ac.za/</a> </li><li>Find out more about Postgraduate Programmes in Law at Wits <a href="https://www.wits.ac.za/law/postgraduate-programmes/">https://www.wits.ac.za/law/postgraduate-programmes/</a>  </li></ul>

Burst-3-Earth-Justice_Article-Image-1

Wits for climate justice

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="800" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1.-Main-flyer-Square-ENG-800x800.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-413236" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1.-Main-flyer-Square-ENG-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1.-Main-flyer-Square-ENG-300x300.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1.-Main-flyer-Square-ENG-90x90.jpg 90w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1.-Main-flyer-Square-ENG-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1.-Main-flyer-Square-ENG-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1.-Main-flyer-Square-ENG-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></figure>



When Maria Ressa, a journalist from the Philippines and co-founder of digital native news site Rappler, was announced as one of this year’s winners of the Nobel Peace Prize, she dedicated the award to all journalists everywhere.



Ressa is an example of a new breed of media innovators and entrepreneurs. Founded in 2012, Rappler used technology, data, and content to bring dynamic and new forms of journalism to its highly engaged readership, with editorial independence enshrined at its core.



Africa, too, has experienced its own explosion of independent digital media over the past decade. Earlier disruptors like South Africa’s Daily Maverick, founded in 2009, are now among the digital veterans. New media start-ups have launched in waves, to become story-tellers and change agents. &nbsp;These include <a href="https://mg.co.za/thecontinent/">The Continent</a>, a digital newspaper distributed via WhatsApp, to more specialised organisations like <a href="https://tazamaafrica.org/">Tazama World Media</a> which helps marginalised communities in Kenya.



Africa’s digital native media are responding to African realities and putting their own stamp on how to create positive change and transform societies. But how do they compare against those in other regions? And how many of them will emerge as profitable concerns once the economic fallout of the pandemic is reckoned with?



A <a href="https://data2021.sembramedia.org/">new study of digital native media</a> in three continents notes that despite limited resources, many of Africa’s digital news organisations are punching above their weight, uncovering untold stories and creating change.



Of the 49 Ghanaian, Kenyan, Nigerian and South African news organizations interviewed for the Inflection Point International, more than 85 per cent reported having contributed to ‘significant political and societal changes’ &#8211; including increased civic engagement, criminal investigations and changes in the law.



Nigeria’s <a href="https://humanglemedia.com/">HumAngle</a> trained women displaced by Boko Haram in citizen journalism and armed them with smart phones. This has helped expose scandals in food diversions and food-for-sex in camps.



The work of these media entrepreneurs is being recognized locally, nationally and globally – 57 per cent of African digital newsrooms reported winning national awards for their stories and 28 per cent have won international awards.



Digital native media in Africa are also investing more heavily in <a href="https://www.solutionsjournalism.org/">solutions journalism</a>. Almost half of the organizations interviewed said they were pursuing some form of solutions journalism, providing policy makers with new ideas for solving intractable social challenges.



Notwithstanding this recognition, more than half of African media organizations reported being the victim of online harassment or threats &#8211; and more than a third had suffered Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, a common method for taking down a website in which a hacker uses thousands of compromised computers to overload a website, making it impossible for anyone else to visit it. In Ghana and Nigeria, at least half of the media organizations had been subject to a DDoS assault.



Africa’s digital media are filling news deserts and working hard to attract audiences that often feel under-represented by existing media outlets in their markets. Yet many of them have a long way to go before they have viable business models to sustain them for the long term. Hiring in the right expertise is key: those outlets in the study who employed a dedicated staff member to drive revenue earned six to nine times more revenue than those who didn’t.&nbsp;



Philanthropic grant funding has an important role to play in helping outlets bridge to new income streams. Luminate has long worked to support independent media &#8211; we see this as an essential component of a healthy democracy. <a href="https://data2021.sembramedia.org/">Inflection Point International</a> presents the deepest and broadest research into the state of digital native media in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa with 200 outlets interviewed across the three regions. &nbsp;With this far-reaching report, Africa’s digital media can learn from the successes and challenges in other countries and regions but also offer forward-looking solutions to media outlets elsewhere.



Abdul Noormohamed is Director, Africa for the global philanthropic organisation Luminate.

1. Main flyer – Square – ENG

Digital Native News Media Playing a Vital Role in Africa

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="547" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/50782991392_ee9fffe279_o-820x547.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-413212" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/50782991392_ee9fffe279_o-820x547.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/50782991392_ee9fffe279_o-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/50782991392_ee9fffe279_o-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/50782991392_ee9fffe279_o-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/50782991392_ee9fffe279_o-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/50782991392_ee9fffe279_o-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption>A health worker preparing to extract a dose of vaccine from a vial. Photo via Flicker.</figcaption></figure>



New report warns of economic impact and increased risk of regional and global instability and calls for urgent action



A new report from the Tony Blair Institute warns that Africa’s lack of Covid-19 vaccines and the inequity between Africa and richer continents and countries the emergence of a ‘Great Divide’ in 2022, with serious implications for health outcomes, economic progress and political stability, both in Africa and globally. The report, ‘Africa Without Vaccines: Inequity Sets the World On Course for a Great Divide’, warns of divergent paths for Africa and for high- and middle-income countries with ample access to vaccine supplies in 2022.



High- and middle-income countries will be able to protect large swathes of people from illness in 2022. Bolstered by substantial fiscal support, these countries are on course to safely re-engage in economic and social activity in 2022, returning to a pre-pandemic normalcy in which Covid-19 might be managed like the seasonal flu.



While African countries will also be opening up to economic and social activity in 2022, the lack of access to vaccines means Covid-19 will continue to circulate more widely, requiring new lockdowns and stricter public health measures to contain outbreaks and safeguard health systems from collapse. These measures, and restrictions on travel from countries with low vaccination coverage, will hamper Africa’s recovery, impacting the short- and long-term economic and social outlook.



This divergent recovery will impact both Africa and the global community, with increased risk of:



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>more potent new variants developing and spreading globally;</li><li>greater instability in Africa and increased migration from Africa;</li><li>greater inequality and reduced global resilience to existential threats, such as climate change and another pandemic; and</li><li>sluggish growth in Africa dampening the long-term global economic outlook.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-obstacles-to-accessing-vaccines-setting-course-for-a-great-divide">Obstacles to Accessing Vaccines: Setting Course for a Great Divide</h2>



The report sets out the obstacles to vaccine access – widening gaps between Africa’s vaccine requirements and the number of vaccines supplied; challenging production forecasts; and the development of ‘Vaccine Apartheid’ – which have led to the African continent having the lowest Covid-19 vaccination coverage rates in the world, and global vaccine inequity:



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>55% of Europe is fully vaccinated and the region with the second lowest coverage has eight times as many fully vaccinated people as Africa.</li><li>Despite accounting for nearly one fifth of the global population, Africa has administered just 2.7% of total doses.</li><li>Of the approximately 1 bn doses pledged by the G7 in June to low- and middle-income countries over the next year, only around 150 million had been fulfilled by early October. Africa had received about 40m of those donations. The Airfinity model suggests that G7 countries could in fact have redistributed 500m doses to date.</li></ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The impact of vaccine inequity on Africa in 2022</h2>



The report outlines the likely impact of vaccine inequity on Africa in 2022:



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Undoing health progress – In 2022 and beyond we are likely to see a resurgence of diseases the world has worked hard to eradicate. Just 12 months of Covid-19 response has already eliminated 12 years of progress in the global fight against tuberculosis, according to a study by the StopTB Partnership, with critical outreach and services set aside, resulting in a 20% drop in diagnosis and treatment worldwide. But the biggest long-running risk posed by Covid-19 is on routine immunisation drives. According to the WHO, more than one-third of countries are still reporting disruptions to immunisation services.</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Escalating Poverty and Food Insecurity – The World Bank estimates the pandemic-related economic crisis may push as many as 11m Nigerians into poverty by 2022, signalling a poverty rate of more than 50% for its 200m people. Food insecurity is a growing concern across the continent as prices rise as a result of global shortages, oil price rises due to growing demand from the reopening of advanced economies and currency depreciations which import costs. Global food prices in August were up 33% year-on-year, with emerging markets worst affected. African governments and the global community should prepare for a surge in humanitarian crises across the continent due to a depressed economic recovery.&nbsp;</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Weak Growth – Modelling by the Economist Intelligence Unit predicts that developing economies will bear the brunt of output shortfalls because of global vaccine inequity. Countries that are unable to achieve at least 60 per cent vaccination coverage by mid-2022 will suffer $2.3 trillion in GDP losses by 2025. With around $230 billion in cumulative projected shortfalls, Sub-Saharan Africa will experience the highest losses in terms of GDP share, totalling 3% of the region’s 2022 to 2025 output forecast.</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Increasing Debt, Declining Investment – Weak growth rates will compound negative shocks to fiscal balances and debt positions. Before the pandemic, debt taken on by many African countries was already reaching unsustainable levels. Policy measures required to respond to the pandemic have pushed even more nations into debt distress, with governments having difficulties servicing debt. Many countries in Africa will have to cut back on development-critical spending in order to continue responding to the pandemic while avoiding a loan defaults, making them even more reliant on foreign assistance.</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Restricted Travel and Tourism – The fiscal outlook will be depressed by the continuing reduction in tourism revenues. The services sector, which had been growing rapidly and accounted for approximately 55% of Africa’s GDP in 2016, will see a slower recovery than others, largely because of continuing restrictions and hesitancy around cross-border travel.</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>A Learning Deficit – &nbsp;In 2022, as the continent continues to move to control new waves of transmission through lockdowns, instead of mass vaccinations, domestic and global educational disparities will widen between the wealthy and poor. The education of millions of young Africans is at stake, as well as the future of the region.</li></ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The impact of vaccine inequity on Africa in 2022</h2>



The report warns that the consequences of such a divergent recovery will not only impact Africa, but the global community too: &nbsp;



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Risk of new variants &#8211; With Covid-19 continuing to spread among unvaccinated populations, there will be a constant risk of potentially more potent variants developing. As we have seen with the global impact of the Delta variant, new variants are a risk to vaccination efforts everywhere, threatening to undo the scientific and public-health progress of the past 18 months. It is in the interest of high-income countries to ensure the world is vaccinated as soon as possible to prevent the development of dangerous mutations.</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Risk of instability in Africa and increased migration &#8211; Sustained health and economic insecurity in Africa could heighten domestic unrest and increase opportunities for extremism. As some states lag behind in addressing economic challenges and social frustrations arise from the pandemic, governance-related challenges from terrorist groups may increase. Several terrorist groups are already exploiting the pandemic. Instability could even drive new waves of migration.</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Risk of greater inequality and reduced global resilience to existential threats – A Great Divide is likely to deepen gaps between wealthy and poor countries, increasing global instability, generating economic uncertainty and sowing geopolitical tensions. With this outcome, the world will be even more ill-equipped to address other pressing existential issues, such as the climate crisis or another pandemic.</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Risk to the global economy – All these factors &#8211; from variants to growing extremism &#8211; could drive up instability in Africa, with negative consequences for the global economy, as uncertainty diminishes consumer confidence and holds back investment. The economic impact of the Great Divide will be most acutely felt in Africa, but its sluggish recovery and growing instability will dampen the long-term global economic outlook. &nbsp;</li></ul>



The report says that there is still time to change course and avoid this ‘Great Divide’, but action must be taken immediately and both high-income countries and African governments have roles to play. It makes a number of recommendations for urgent action, including:



<ol class="wp-block-list" type="I"><li>Countries must urgently fulfil their commitment to sharing excess doses and step aside in the supply queue so COVAX can be prioritised.</li><li>Countries need to remove export restrictions and other trade barriers on Covid-19 vaccines and inputs involved in their production.</li><li>Travel restrictions not founded on scientific evidence need to be lifted.</li><li>The G7 and G20 should endorse a comprehensive financial-assistance package for Africa and allow governments on the continent to decide how this money is best deployed.</li><li>Governments of high-income countries need to scale up support for vaccine manufacturing in Africa and strengthen vertical and horizontal linkages.</li><li>Countries must build up institutional strength for vaccine rollout and crisis response, including agile government systems, structures and skills.</li></ol>

General Photo: Vaccine

Tony Blair Institute: Vaccine inequity threatens global ‘Great Divide’ in 2022 – with Africa left behind

Article can be read <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/2021/a-just-transition-for-africa-championing-a-fair-and-prosperous-pathway-to-net-zero/">here</a>.



Tony Blair’s words are misleading – gas is an economic disaster that will push Mozambique deeper into debt



The opinion piece by the Tony Blair Institute about fossil fuels in Africa, including the gas industry in Cabo Delgado, northern Mozambique is misleading, factually incorrect and perpetuates neo-colonialism. We write as Justiça Ambiental/Friends of the Earth Mozambique (an organisation which works with communities on the ground in Cabo Delgado) and Friends of the Earth England, Wales and Northern Ireland, to respond on an issue from which Mr Blair is clearly very far removed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-to-date">Impacts to date</h2>



Mr Blair uses the word ‘development’ 61 times.&nbsp; This is his indicator of success, and he claims it will only transpire if Mozambique’s gas reserves are exploited.&nbsp; He says Mozambique will be condemned to poverty without gas. Yet, even though not a drop of gas has been extracted, the industry has caused irreversible devastation to already poor communities, with thousands of people displaced and pushed deeper into poverty.



<a href="https://www.bankingonclimatechaos.org/">Five hundred and fifty families</a> from rural fishing and farming communities living around Total’s Afungi Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) Park were displaced to a replacement village far from their land and 10km from the sea, leaving them without livelihoods. Total offered replacement farming plots but these were so small that many people opted for inadequate compensation, following an unsatisfactory consultation process. The only jobs created have been menial, unskilled and temporary. Communities’ compensation complaints were waved away, leaving people to rely on food parcels.



This has helped create strong anti-government sentiment which has fuelled the <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr41/3545/2021/en/">violent conflict</a> involving insurgents, the Mozambican and Rwandan military and mercenaries – a conflict that has created <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/aug/18/i-ran-my-heart-was-broken-inside-mozambiques-evolving-cabo-delgado-conflict">800,000 refugees</a>. The connection between the LNG project and the insurgency was <a href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2021-03-17/debates/5FEFED2D-65ED-41A2-8075-8E2D5F4D3630/MozambiqueMilitantViolence#contribution-DEB3D15E-37FD-449A-AC42-D1D7FDBF20D3">acknowledged</a> earlier this year in the UK Parliament by government minister Lord Goldsmith.



Total’s $24 billion Mozambique LNG project is currently on indefinite hold. After it claimed<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/frances-total-declares-force-majeure-mozambique-lng-project-2021-04-26/"> ‘force majeure’</a> in April 2021 as a result of the insurgency, it stopped all compensation payments and all payments to Mozambican contractors, including small businesses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Will gas benefit Mozambique?</h2>



There is no guarantee that the gas will bring electricity to the <a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS?locations=MZ">70% of Mozambicans </a>who do not have it. The vast majority of the gas will be exported to India, France, the UK, China and Indonesia among other countries. And it makes far more sense for a majority rural population to produce energy from decentralised, small-scale and community-owned renewable resources, of which Mozambique has plenty.



Mozambique’s record gives little assurance that the LNG will bring any benefit to people. <a href="https://mg.co.za/article/2017-10-25-00-poor-mozambicans-accuse-sasol-of-bleeding-them/">Sasol’s Pande and Temane</a> gas projects in Inhambane have been mired in controversy over a 15-year old agreement, which has recently been renewed, in which the Mozambican government earns little in tax revenues while Sasol benefits by selling gas, in essence, to itself.



And gas will be a major <a href="https://zitamar.com/the-great-gas-illusion-mozambiques-lng-revenues-may-fall-short-to-transform-the-country/">economic disaster</a> for Mozambique. The consortiums which own the projects have subsidiaries in Dubai, and Mozambique’s double tax agreement with Dubai means the consortiums will not pay the 20% withholding taxes on interest and dividends as they would have done under Mozambique’s tax laws. A report by <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FjHZRvdH7AwyTtGUJA6Ig5reISAnt0XR/view">OpenOil</a> shows that this means Mozambique will lose $5.3 billion in tax revenue over the life spans of Coral LNG and Mozambique LNG. Furthermore, the project owners have also received an 8% corporate income tax reduction for the first 8 years of production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Climate impacts</h2>



Mr Blair talks of the need to meet globally-agreed climate targets. But he does not mention that the Mozambique LNG project is not aligned with the Paris Agreement. The construction phase alone would increase Mozambique’s greenhouse gas emissions by up to 14%. And <a href="https://friendsoftheearth.uk/system-change/climate-litigation-briefing-friends-earth-vs-uk-export-finance">burning the gas</a> that the project would produce would generate annual climate emissions equivalent to the entire European Union aviation sector.



But despite this, the United States Export Import Bank has agreed to finance Mozambique LNG with<a href="https://www.exim.gov/news/exim-board-unanimously-approves-amended-financing-exports-mozambique-lng-project-and-support"> $4.7 billion</a>, its largest loan for many years. And the project was also supported by the UK government, host of the critical COP 26 climate talks, which claims to be a <a href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2020-02-05/debates/9EAB35C6-1EF6-4A18-B345-56F34D5D4504/Engagements#contribution-A18127A6-97F4-44F2-8CCE-A52ED3601B90">world leader</a> on climate change. However the UK government’s funding decision is being <a href="https://friendsoftheearth.uk/climate/mozambique-gas-project-friends-earth-asks-oral-court-hearing-over-government-support">judicially reviewed</a> by Friends of the Earth on the grounds that it did not adequately consider whether the project was in line with the Paris Agreement.



And he almost completely skirts over methane. He refers to the <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">latest report</a> from the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) but does not mention that that report states that methane levels need to be reduced immediately, that over 20 years methane has a warming impact of 84 times that of CO2, and that methane leakage from gas projects is endemic.



And we shouldn’t forget that Mozambique is one of the most <a href="https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/Global%20Climate%20Risk%20Index%202021_1.pdf">climate vulnerable nations</a> &#8211; and the most impacted country in the world in 2019 following the devastating tropical Cyclone Idai.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The real way forward</h2>



Mr Blair is caustic about developed countries phasing out funding for gas projects, claiming it is driven mainly by sending the right signals to domestic electorates. He’s right that people in richer countries like the UK don’t want to see their money used to fund climate change around the world. And it’s in line with the Paris Agreement which requires richer countries to provide financial help to developing countries to help them meet their targets to cut emissions – not to increase them. He should be encouraging such moves.



Mr Blair refers to Mozambique’s gas projects as providing intra- and inter-generational justice, and as a development imperative that serves people, prosperity and the planet. We couldn’t disagree more.



Investment in gas will just lock Mozambique into fossil fuels, increase climate emissions and the threat of greater impacts on an already badly-affected country.



Developing countries like Mozambique need to move past fossil fuels and develop their abundant renewable resources, supported by the climate finance that developed countries have already committed to provide.



That is the true development imperative and would be true climate justice.



By: Justiça Ambiental/Friends of the Earth Mozambique and Friends of the Earth England, Wales and Northern Ireland

Response to article: A Just Transition for Africa: Championing a Fair and Prosperous Pathway to Net Zero

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="547" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/50782991392_4feddee788_k-820x547.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-410497" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/50782991392_4feddee788_k-820x547.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/50782991392_4feddee788_k-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/50782991392_4feddee788_k-120x80.jpg 120w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/50782991392_4feddee788_k-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/50782991392_4feddee788_k-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/50782991392_4feddee788_k.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption>A health worker preparing to extract a dose of vaccine from a vial.
Photo: via Flickr</figcaption></figure>



By Dr. Penninah Iutung Amor, Africa Bureau Chief, AIDS Healthcare Foundation | Kampala, Uganda



The novel coronavirus has shown glaring flaws in the world’s collective ability to respond to infectious disease outbreaks, with none more evident than wealthy countries’ self-destructive unwillingness to cooperate on vaccine equity for the benefit of the entire global population.



Since the world’s wealthiest countries have been the primary contributors to the great global disparity between the vaccine haves and have-nots – it’s time that African leaders push G20 heads of state to address and rectify the life-threatening vaccine imbalance at the upcoming summit in Rome, Italy at the end of October.



As of early October 2021, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html">3.6 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses</a> had been administered globally, with 78% of those going to people in high- and upper-middle-income countries. Less than 7% of the 1.3 billion people on the African continent have received even one dose. The discrepancy is worse for people in low-income countries where less than 1% have gotten a shot.



It’s no surprise that there are not enough doses to vaccinate our world when wealthy countries have secured enough vaccines to inoculate their populations as much as five times over, according to <a href="https://globalhealth.duke.edu/news/will-low-income-countries-be-left-behind-when-covid-19-vaccines-arrive">Duke University</a>. Even though the world will have created 11 billion total doses by the end of this year, almost 9.9 billion of those have already been promised to wealthy nations.



The Covax initiative, while promising, was supposed to supply lower-income countries with sufficient vaccine doses. However, that mechanism clearly has fallen short of its initial goal to vaccinate 20% of recipient countries, which is still far too little when the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) states that a vaccination rate of <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-55795297">70% is required</a> to protect the world.



A debate in the U.S. and other high-income countries now centers around booster shots, while Africa and other hard-hit regions struggle. W.H.O. Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus recently said it was “unconscionable” that some countries are now offering booster shots “while so many people remain unprotected.”



The time has come for African leaders to amplify their voices in a combined effort to demand that G20 leaders prioritize global vaccine access for the majority of nations that desperately want to vaccinate their populations.



That must start with pushing pharmaceutical companies to share their know-how and technology to increase production in Africa and globally. Africa can no longer wait for vaccine charity, it is time to get rid of patent monopolies for successful vaccines against the coronavirus, whose development was supported by $100 billion in public funding from taxpayers in the US, Germany, and other countries. 



Taxpayers were the primary funders of COVID-19 vaccine research, development, and production – the world owns that intellectual property, not the drug companies that continue to profit from the pandemic.



According to <a href="https://actionaid.org/news/2021/pharmaceutical-companies-reaping-immoral-profits-covid-vaccines-yet-paying-low-tax-rates">Action Aid</a>,&nbsp; Moderna, BioNTech, and Pfizer are reaping astronomical and unconscionable profits due to their monopolies of mRNA COVID vaccines, with the three corporations having earned more than $26 billion in revenue in the first half of the year.



Further steps that leaders of the wealthiest economies must take are raising at least $100 billion, enough to vaccinate our world, committing to international cooperation as the most fundamental way to address pandemics, and drafting a new Global Public Health Convention to serve as the worldwide health governance system to rapidly respond to future outbreaks.



The global COVID-19 response has been abysmal since the start, but African leaders have the opportunity to rally together and speak as a united force for the good of all Africans and the world. If one nation is under threat from COVID-19 with no access to vaccines, all nations are in danger. The G20 leaders must acknowledge that reality and act accordingly. The fate of the world is in their hands at the upcoming Summit— by ensuring vaccine equity, we will be protecting the entire world. &nbsp;



###



AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF), the largest global AIDS organization, currently provides medical care and/or services to over 1.5 million clients in 45 countries worldwide in the US, Africa, Latin America/Caribbean, the Asia/Pacific Region and Europe. To learn more about AHF, please visit our website: <a href="http://www.aidshealth.org">www.aidshealth.org</a>, find us on Facebook: <a href="http://www.facebook.com/aidshealth">www.facebook.com/aidshealth</a> and follow us on Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/aidshealthcare">@aidshealthcare</a> and Instagram: <a href="http://instagram.com/aidshealthcare">@aidshealthcare</a>

50782991392_4feddee788_k

African Leaders Must Urge G20 to Stop Covid-19 Vaccines Apartheid to Save Our World

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="546" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/8779634081_c64793f31f_o-820x546.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-413015" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/8779634081_c64793f31f_o-820x546.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/8779634081_c64793f31f_o-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/8779634081_c64793f31f_o-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/8779634081_c64793f31f_o-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/8779634081_c64793f31f_o-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/8779634081_c64793f31f_o.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption>CCAFS East African regional program selects six sites to test interventions that address risks related to climate change and variability. Featured here is the Lower Nyando Photo: via Flickr</figcaption></figure>



Sub-Saharan Africa is a fast-growing region of 1.2 billion people whose pathway to a more promising future requires navigating a complex array of food-related challenges, which have been greatly intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic. But over the long-term, pressures on food production caused by climate change loom as the biggest obstacle. And actions taken at the upcoming United Nations <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fukcop26.org*2F&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393754864*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=PVm9mbbvYS49ARVlMkyetq0iKL9Urw4Nnl1ZGjKM4P4*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTACyRV6cQ$">climate change conference</a> in Glasgow, Scotland will be decisive in determining Africa’s capacity to adapt.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



Specifically, world leaders must embrace a global climate finance plan that provides significant investments to help smallholder farmers and livestock keepers in Africa adapt to the stresses caused by climate change.&nbsp;



Africa’s food systems are anchored by small-scale food producers who also generate employment and income for the majority of Africans. Yet a growing number of challenges linked to climate change—like the drought and locust attacks <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http*3A*2F*2Fwww.fao.org*2F3*2Fcb4474en*2Fonline*2Fcb4474en.html*23chapter-2_1&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393764817*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=Lhh*2Bmg1mSllM*2FNz62WF*2F*2FHUCtd6neRjlHYl8IL*2BJqvA*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAEykSqho$">currently threatening 2.1 million</a> Kenyans with starvation—have hit Africa’s smallholder farmers and livestock keepers especially hard.&nbsp;



A <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fnews.cornell.edu*2Fstories*2F2021*2F04*2Fclimate-change-has-cost-7-years-ag-productivity-growth&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393764817*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=DAg*2BCr2mqtrxO7cxiY*2BuqDM1sGKULG4RHJ6bCIYxQN0*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJQ!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAK6FSsTU$">recent study</a> found that over the last 60 years, climate change has cut farm output globally by 21 percent. But in large areas of Africa, estimated losses exceed 40 percent.&nbsp; The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has warned that COVID-19 has intensified this already deteriorating situation.&nbsp;



But even as they continue to grapple with the pandemic, African leaders are looking to a future where the continent’s fortunes will depend heavily on adapting to climate change. Earlier this year, they endorsed a pandemic recovery strategy focused on mobilizing $25 billion over the next five years to support an <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fgca.org*2Fnews*2Fa-global-call-from-african-leaders-on-the-covid-19-climate-emergency-and-the-africa-adaptation-acceleration-program*2F&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393774777*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=ppH7tYaXjxa2XviwP3tCqJlHsVrZgmD0WAWJ76dAet0*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJQ!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAf3eIpYg$">African Adaptation Acceleration Program</a>, a <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Freliefweb.int*2Freport*2Fworld*2Fafrican-presidents-and-global-leaders-support-bold-action-climate-change-adaptation&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393774777*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=v*2FKU9TspxGGcJMTy95NSxFcosjYeWbRk*2FZfOZccU2Mk*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTA_UxkUoM$">goal backed</a> by United Nations’ Secretary-General Antonio Guterres and U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen. It includes a strong focus on improving the resilience of small-scale crop and livestock producers.



But African countries cannot overcome climate challenges alone, nor should they. As Secretary Yellen noted, “Africa contributed the least to climate change, but it is suffering the worst effects.” Case in point: Africa accounts for only <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fwww.brookings.edu*2Fwp-content*2Fuploads*2F2016*2F08*2Fglobal_20160818_cop21_africa.pdf&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393784746*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=KSkCafkoaPmovtL*2FvL*2B3VsK4RDSVcc9j8uM9JBWgKbE*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTASzHXyCo$">about four percent</a> of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. &nbsp;



Today, about three-quarters or more of <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Funfccc.int*2Ffiles*2Fcooperation_and_support*2Ffinancial_mechanism*2Fstanding_committee*2Fapplication*2Fpdf*2F2016_ba_technical_report.pdf&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393784746*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=9dQpt09Hw5oWRYriS6*2FiR5R*2FDBaakcehO18LQ*2FoJrco*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAv9gB9So$">climate financing</a> goes toward reducing emissions. But we need to be just as ambitious and innovative with adaptation. Because even radical reductions right now won’t <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Ftheconversation.com*2Fif-we-stopped-emitting-greenhouse-gases-right-now-would-we-stop-climate-change-78882&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393794693*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=5MYbeGg8JDlYdUvfVUeG*2By6CxrVTmaeqowGbQbKXTCM*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTABw-eTC4$">stop many of the changes</a> already affecting African farmers and that are likely to intensify over the next few decades.&nbsp;



Secretary-General Guterres has <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Freliefweb.int*2Freport*2Fworld*2Fsecretary-general-calls-massive-scale-climate-adaptation-africa-urging-leaders-dialogue&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393794693*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=M2a7Ofx23JDwiHcrwfKy6Soi4Q7ho2eZi*2BuIvEw2vow*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAjvwfN_U$">called for G7 countries</a>, along with institutions like the World Bank, to increase support for adaptation and resilience from 20 percent to 50 percent of their total climate finance.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Investments in adaptation should include a strong focus on agricultural innovations that target the needs of smallholder farming communities in Africa. Agriculture experts are already working in Africa to harness advances in data science and digital technologies. Such advances can be used to&nbsp; provide farmers with seasonal climate forecasts, technical advice and to track crop diseases likely to be made worse by climate change—like those threatening <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fwave-center.org*2F&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393804645*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=yBS6kbHP3Rr*2BzZ7TDGuPFIy6dwVosSqCQ4zPn8BXgQg*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTApEcINiU$">cassava in West Africa</a> and <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fwww.cimmyt.org*2Fnews*2Fscientists-develop-an-early-warning-system-that-delivers-wheat-rust-predictions-directly-to-farmers-phones*2F&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393804645*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=YwTTQvc5xzVrYjIbi5IDTW5*2B0yoOzRl*2BvX6IuQ*2FTgzs*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJQ!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAt5O749o$">wheat production</a> in Ethiopia. There is <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fwww.wri.org*2Fresearch*2Fdigital-climate-informed-advisory-services&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393814608*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=bvb3wi*2BdZCjLE4lqleAKSNLtQ398fwy4DuJhHsWUvFs*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJQ!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAC145vK0$">evidence that such services</a> can help farmers sustainably boost productivity by 30% and household income by 25%.&nbsp;



The CGIAR international system of agricultural research centers is a critical player for bringing these and other innovations to African farmers. In its decades of work, CGIAR has developed strong partnerships with farmers and national agricultural research centers across Africa. It’s practical advances—like the development of <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fwww.cgiar.org*2Finnovations*2Fbetter-beans-for-africa*2F&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393814608*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=btBH6pkYq3iR96E8hGCLCcDAMvKr8hGgTFSpTX4gd9Y*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJQ!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAlwn2j7E$">hundreds of improved varieties</a> of beans for African farmers and its support of <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fciat.cgiar.org*2Fwp-content*2Fuploads*2FA4-CIAT_FACT-SHEET_AFRICA_-AUGUST-2019.pdf&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393824556*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=zH3cnlK*2BFiJHsa6Wl4OV60xbMw6LIOFgyiJ7km5dCjQ*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAOuGlcZw$">environmentally sustainable</a> food production in Africa—is one reason every dollar invested in CGIAR has produced&nbsp; $10 in benefits for low-income countries.&nbsp;



CGIAR will be an especially valuable partner for implementing the African Union’s comprehensive <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fafricaadaptationinitiative.org*2F&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393824556*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=NzTOW2*2BbO3q31*2BhiH3Bw60UsI3W*2B*2FhExvcMiSk*2B*2BdJc*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAqFhZcJA$">African Adaption Initiative.</a> That’s why the <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fgca.org*2Fabout-us*2Fthe-global-commission-on-adaptation*2F&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393834513*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=x3Qqy24WT0bomKa*2Bg*2FZiEOnZNT5gESwLInNhvYxOJkY*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAfjyrBHk$">Global Commission on Adaptation</a> called for doubling CGIAR’s budget&nbsp; as part of a broader blueprint for supporting adaptation in vulnerable communities around the world.&nbsp;&nbsp;



The Commission also emphasized that funding directly benefits communities in Africa and elsewhere that are on the frontlines of climate change. They should have a powerful voice in shaping adaptation initiatives. Local leaders—from pastoralist herders who have been living in the harsh drylands of the Horn of Africa for thousands of years to farmers in the African Sahel collaborating with researchers to create their own climate smart villages—have the experience and knowledge to develop effective strategies.&nbsp;



Climate change is putting African farmers under enormous pressure. Yet there are many ways to help them adapt and ensure they remain a strong partner for implementing the Food Systems Summit agenda in Africa. That’s why decisions made at the upcoming climate summit are of historical importance.&nbsp; A decisive move to rebalance global finance priorities will determine whether African farmers can adapt before it’s too late.&nbsp;



<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fwww.gatesfoundation.org*2Fabout*2Fleadership*2Frodger-voorhies&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393834513*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=idZeQA30qTJVbummZw7wE2LjYDh8iGIbUTFBpNm46Vs*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJQ!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTAdaR85aQ$">Rodger Voorhies</a> is President of Global Growth &amp; Opportunity at the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation; and <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fwww.wri.org*2Fprofile*2Fwanjira-mathai&amp;data=04*7C01*7Cpercy.makombe*40gatesfoundation.org*7C9235f7a9982546e4676f08d98db382fa*7C296b38384bd5496cbd4bf456ea743b74*7C0*7C0*7C637696624393844467*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&amp;sdata=dkv*2BsWZgBITgW1gMiK7Z16MYBKM*2BXoPMTAYLoynCIS8*3D&amp;reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!HhhKMSGjjQV-!pSIcY7GhmAKRVDP-QkiU9bH9g_b9EY8hHBASbQWcfhbKLO_IK_kS8jgoM-Zumzmmtie79JTA69UE6T4$">Wanjira Mathai </a>is Vice President and Regional Director for Africa at World Resources Institute.

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Africa’s Food Challenges Will Intensify Absent Major Investments in Climate-Resilient Farms

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="547" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/pxfuel.com-3-820x547.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-413011" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/pxfuel.com-3-820x547.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/pxfuel.com-3-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/pxfuel.com-3-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/pxfuel.com-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/pxfuel.com-3-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/pxfuel.com-3-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption>Photo: via PxFuel</figcaption></figure>



Sharan Burrow is General Secretary of the International Trade Union Confederation and Co-Chair of the Global Commission on the Economy &amp; Climate



The global jobs crisis casts a long shadow over the promises of economic recovery. But if we let jobs and sustainable infrastructure&nbsp;go&nbsp;together hand in hand, along a path we call&nbsp;just&nbsp;transition, those promises can be realised.



Serious health, social, and economic crises were laid bare by COVID-19, exposing the inequities of the current system. Workers have&nbsp;<a href="https://inequality.org/facts/inequality-and-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lost</a>&nbsp;trillions in income and millions of people have been pushed into&nbsp;<a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/updated-estimates-impact-covid-19-global-poverty-turning-corner-pandemic-2021" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">poverty</a>&nbsp;while billionaires have prospered.&nbsp;We now have a jobs crisis, with a global unemployment gap equivalent to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_795453.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">127 million full-time jobs</a>&nbsp;in the second quarter of 2021.&nbsp;



To reach full employment and realise Goal 8 of the SDGs, 575 million new jobs need to be created by 2030.&nbsp;Women&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">in particular</a>&nbsp;have been affected by job losses,&nbsp;with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/coronavirus-women-work/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">90% of those who lost their jobs&nbsp;in&nbsp;2020&nbsp;leaving the labour market</a>, and&nbsp;losing&nbsp;around&nbsp;<a href="https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/covid-19-cost-women-globally-over-800-billion-lost-income-one-year" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">$800 billion of income</a>&nbsp;globally.&nbsp;And&nbsp;the&nbsp;lack of social protection measures&nbsp;in too many countries&nbsp;leaves people and economies with no resilience.&nbsp;



At the same time, the world is facing a climate emergency. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPCC’s latest report</a>&nbsp;made clear we need rapid, transformational change to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. We are already experiencing the impacts of climate change. Time is running out and we need to act now.&nbsp;



In attempts to address health impacts of the coronavirus pandemic and staunch the hemorrhaging of their economies, many countries embarked on ambitious spending plans. Some prioritized spending on greener policies, including the&nbsp;<a href="https://a1be08a4-d8fb-4c22-9e4a-2b2f4cb7e41d.filesusr.com/ugd/643e85_f712aba98f0b4786b54c455fc9207575.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EU and Canada</a>.



<a></a>Unfortunately, too many governments have channeled too much&nbsp;<a href="https://www.energypolicytracker.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">money to infrastructure that is unsustainable</a>. This moves us backward in our fight against climate change and backward in our efforts to create good jobs.&nbsp;



Dollar per dollar, investments in climate-friendly infrastructure create more jobs than the same investment in unsustainable infrastructure, according to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wri.org/research/green-jobs-advantage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new research</a>.&nbsp;Compared to fossil fuels, investing in building efficiency creates 2.8 times as many jobs on average, solar PV 1.5 times as many jobs, and wind energy 1.2 times as many jobs. The fossil fuel industry is highly automated. But building renewable energy and making buildings more efficient are labour intensive.&nbsp;



It’s not just the clean energy sector that has a jobs advantage. Per dollar, investing in mass transit creates 1.4 times as many jobs as road construction, and dedicated pedestrian or cycling infrastructure creates 1.3 to 1.4 times as many jobs as roads&nbsp;—&nbsp;and makes other jobs more accessible to low-income workers. And investing in nature-based solutions like ecosystem restoration creates more jobs than almost any other type of investment.



Sustainable sectors also provide&nbsp;safe&nbsp;opportunities for lower skilled workers.&nbsp;Construction sector jobs&nbsp;—&nbsp;key for renewable energy, mass transit, or&nbsp;electric vehicle (EV)&nbsp;charging projects&nbsp;—&nbsp;offer lower barriers to entry for people with less formal years of education.&nbsp;



Of course, it’s not just the number of jobs created that is important. Workers want and deserve good, quality jobs&nbsp;—&nbsp;open to all&nbsp;—&nbsp;with fair wages, decent benefits, job security, skills development, safety, and opportunities for social dialogue.&nbsp;



Increasing union representation in climate-friendly jobs helps workers earn higher wages with good benefits and tough safety standards. Fossil fuel workers fought for decades for better labour standards and successfully transformed originally poor working conditions into quality jobs. The clean energy industry needs those same opportunities.&nbsp;



In some cases, job transitions will be complicated. Shifting from internal combustion engine vehicles to EVs will create more jobs in the overall economy, but since EVs have fewer parts and less need for maintenance, some manufacturing and repair jobs will be lost.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/TheClimateGroup/videos/routezero-cop26-and-the-race-to-zero-emission-vehicles/224212823019988/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">We cannot leave people stranded</a>.&nbsp;



Governments need to work with workers, their unions and employers to enhance job quality within sustainable sectors. That means: Developing&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ituc-csi.org/just-transition-centre-599" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">just transition</a>&nbsp;strategies that ensure workers and communities are not left behind; providing government support for the&nbsp;<a href="https://sharanburrow.medium.com/why-investing-in-care-puts-us-on-the-path-to-recovery-and-builds-resilient-economies-dbd9d85291c7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">care economy</a>,&nbsp;including education and public health; and&nbsp;providing&nbsp;social protections that build a skilled and resilient workforce.&nbsp;



Being a woman or member of other historically excluded groups should not limit access to good quality jobs. Sustainable jobs can be a positive for women in the workforce. Providing affordable childcare options, instituting policies against sexual harassment and discrimination, and establishing mentorship programs help ensure jobs in climate-friendly sectors are obtainable for all.



We also need to formalize the informal economy. There are high numbers of informal workers in lower-income countries, including in sectors where climate-friendly jobs are located like construction and agriculture. They deserve the same wages, work security, and social protections that full-time, permanent staff have. South Africa’s Water for Work Programme, for example,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211464517300842" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">improved job security</a>&nbsp;by allowing workers to shift from short-term to longer-term contracts.



Right now, we are far from securing a just and equitable future on a livable planet. We need hope&nbsp;—&nbsp;that workers will be included in energy transition plans, and&nbsp;that&nbsp;there&nbsp;will be&nbsp;just transition plans in place for all sectors. This is how we plan for good jobs, and&nbsp;how&nbsp;we’ll&nbsp;achieve our emissions targets&nbsp;and&nbsp;avoid the worst impacts of climate change. Investing now in infrastructure that provides both jobs and climate dividends can turn hope into reality.



This isn’t a walk in the park,&nbsp;and&nbsp;we’re in a race against time.&nbsp;Jobs—&nbsp;climate-friendly jobs with just transition&nbsp;—&nbsp;are central to&nbsp;establishing&nbsp;a new social contract and building&nbsp;hope for people and communities. Let’s get to work.

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Investing in Sustainable Infrastructure with Just Transition Creates Jobs

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="547" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GettyImages-1232456245-820x547.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-412952" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GettyImages-1232456245-820x547.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GettyImages-1232456245-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GettyImages-1232456245-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GettyImages-1232456245-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GettyImages-1232456245-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GettyImages-1232456245-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption>A vendor counts Ghana cedi banknotes during a mobile money transaction at a kiosk in Accra, Ghana, on Tuesday, April 22, 2021. MTN Group Ltd. values its mobile-money arm at about $5 billion and will consider a listing of the division, joining African wireless carriers trying to monetize a service that is particularly popular on the continent. Photographer: Nipah Dennis/Bloomberg via Getty Images</figcaption></figure>



<a href="https://linkscan.io/scan/ux/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWRhLW1pY3JvZmluYW5jZS5vcmcvZW4vZXZlbnRzL2FmcmljYW4tbWljcm9maW5hbmNlLXdlZWs=/9064879CDD359A5B471B79EA5BD67F94142BA791DE5B709C6D62F40BD8D043C6?c=1&amp;i=1&amp;docs=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">African Microfinance Week</a> kicked off in Kigali, Rwanda this week, giving us all a chance to address the challenges facing those who lack access to conventional banking and financial services. The event marks an opportunity for African investors, researchers, banks and government institutions across the continent to address an increasingly pressing topic, financial inclusion.



The barriers to inclusivity have been felt none more so than over the past eighteen months; at a time when parts of the world were still in lockdowns, easier access to digitised services, including banking, became all the more urgent. This is why the conference’s theme – resilience – is so particularly relevant this year. It is a word we have heard countless times over the course of 2020/21 and one the conference relentlessly advocates for. As one of the key pillars for ensuring these basic, financial and sociocultural needs are met, it sits alongside growth and sustainability.



Women, young people, and smaller enterprises are just a few examples of the groups disproportionately affected by Covid-19. The pandemic is contributing factor which has hit the most disadvantaged in society. In Togo, where I serve as Minister for financial inclusion, we have made it a priority for our micro loans programme to support women specifically. This has been immensely successful, with over CFA180bn distributed to 1.8m beneficiaries in the country, many of whom turned the initial grant from the state’s dedicated national fund into successful businesses. The retail and hospitality sectors in particular have seen incredible success stories.



The World Bank has argued that improved financial and digital access would be critical to reducing social exclusion during future crises, and maintaining access to basic services, as well as promoting digital entrepreneurship. In a&nbsp;<a href="https://linkscan.io/scan/ux/aHR0cHM6Ly9vcGVua25vd2xlZGdlLndvcmxkYmFuay5vcmcvaGFuZGxlLzEwOTg2LzM1ODcw/66459EFBDA2A87770551D3C1D04E4EAA059BAD46537EA136E4AAF423A7ADA95F?c=1&amp;i=1&amp;docs=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report from earlier this year</a>, the institution noted efforts by the Togolese government to use mobile banking – the most inclusive form of banking in sub-Saharan Africa – to disburse cash payments quicker.&nbsp;



Prioritising microfinance objectives at localised levels is one way to push this agenda forwards. The African continent is&nbsp;<a href="https://linkscan.io/scan/ux/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcGouaGtzcHVibGljYXRpb25zLm9yZy8=/55B2153F1719CD5F0EC74C660F6EE77A8E9F9F97A277B3A17D94D2DDF18FCB4D?c=1&amp;i=1&amp;docs=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">home</a>&nbsp;to more digital financial services deployments than any other region in the world, yet a large number of marginalised groups do not necessarily reap the benefits. More initiatives need to ensure their services are representative of their populations.



I am proud of the strides forward we’ve made in Togo. We already have&nbsp;<a href="https://linkscan.io/scan/ux/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmNlYW8uaW50L3NpdGVzL2RlZmF1bHQvZmlsZXMvMjAyMC0xMS9SYXBwb3J0JTIwYW5udWVsJTIwc2l0dWF0aW9uJTIwaW5jbHVzaW9uJTIwZmluYW5jaWUlQ0MlODByZSUyMFVFTU9BJTIwLSUyMDIwMTkucGRm/DE0ACA963641AD046344FB3A09A2A624C453E7EC1D28F17CE0689B4A3C82E8E4?c=1&amp;i=1&amp;docs=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the highest banking rate</a>&nbsp;in our West African monetary union: over 78% in 2019. In January I announced the Ministry’s plans to create a digital bank, not only for service optimisation, but as a way to consolidate a complete digital banking structure to support our economy, across the entire country. Despite our progress in terms of financial inclusion, I am conscious that digital divides persist, not least due to the lack of broadband access in large parts of Africa. We must bridge these gaps to ensure we deliver our inclusivity agenda in a sustainable way.



Just over ten years after the breakthrough of digital financial services in Sub-Saharan Africa,&nbsp;<a href="https://linkscan.io/scan/ux/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaWZjLm9yZy93cHMvd2NtL2Nvbm5lY3QvOTZhNGY2MTAtNjJiMS00ODMwLTg1MTYtZjExNjQyY2ZlYWZkLzIwMTgwNV9EaWdpdGFsLUFjY2Vzc19UaGUtRnV0dXJlLW9mLUZpbmFuY2lhbC1JbmNsdXNpb24taW4tQWZyaWNhX3YxLnBkZj9NT0Q9QUpQRVJFUyZDVklEPW1kei1RRjA=/0C6BF51FE516F7F6D5C144F2B262BC9E8D447858E049ECB624979E8E97C3F4A6?c=1&amp;i=1&amp;docs=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a>&nbsp;show that access to mobile money services have played a massive part to help to tackle extreme poverty. As an example, in Togo they have been instrumental for enabling women to move from subsistence farming and unemployment to business occupations and sustainable livelihoods. Two thirds of the cash payments made by the Togolese government to our citizens through mobile banking have gone to women, demonstrating how women’s economic empowerment has been a key driver of economic inclusion programming.



These are critical developments but to withstand crises we must drive financial inclusion on a worldwide scale. We need cross-sector alliances to accelerate digital inclusion and connect critical sectors of the economy. In Togo I have been inspired by our beneficiaries who work in partnership with each other and whose businesses grow faster as a result, showing that this approach can boost innovation and increase long-term profitability.



For the market as a whole to evolve, successful collaboration and communication between market actors and regulatory authorities can make all the difference. For that reason, I believe African Microfinance Week to be a valuable initiative. Microfinancing is not a new concept, but it is truly transformative. Hand in hand with digitization, it has the potential to become accessible and inclusive. While there remains much to be done, homing in on priorities will help lay the foundations for a digital shift that has both a social and economic impact.



I will continue to do everything in my power for Togo to lead the way, because this is how we will, collectively, futureproof a truly inclusive economy and thrive in a post-pandemic world.

MTN Group Ltd. Kiosks as Mobile Money IPO Considered

Togo shows what the future of financial inclusion could look like for Africa

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="546" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/20324205860_e48be646b9_o-820x546.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-412812" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/20324205860_e48be646b9_o-820x546.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/20324205860_e48be646b9_o-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/20324205860_e48be646b9_o-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/20324205860_e48be646b9_o-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/20324205860_e48be646b9_o-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/20324205860_e48be646b9_o-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption>Xhosa women, Eastern Cape, South Africa Photo: via Flickr</figcaption></figure>



Dr. Nicoline de Haan, Director of the <a href="https://gender.cgiar.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CGIAR GENDER Platform</a>



The lingering Covid-19 pandemic has provided the starkest preview of a planet pushed to its limits, the margins of which are narrowing further because of climate change.



The knee-jerk responses to Covid-19 around the world have, in many cases, reinforced endemic inequalities. For rural women, these reactions have often been as&nbsp;<a href="https://actionaid.org/news/2020/world-food-day-women-farmers-most-risk-covid-19-food-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dangerous</a>&nbsp;as the coronavirus itself, exposing them to increased hunger, poverty and risks of gender-based violence.



It is becoming increasingly clear that routinely ignoring gender biases amplifies existing inequalities, setting back not only women, but everyone, and worsening global challenges for all. As the world begins to emerge from the pandemic, governments and leaders have an opportunity to proactively minimise future crises by bringing rural women’s voices to the forefront.



Across the Global South, this means ensuring that rural women have the chance to articulate their needs and influence every decision and policy, including those deployed in haste as part of crisis relief and response.



Rural women were the hardest hit by the pandemic, not because they were most susceptible to the virus, but because pandemic-related policies and restrictions paid little heed to their challenges of accessing fields, markets and assets to continue to earn a living and feed their families.



With the world now facing a yet more prolonged crisis, under&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a temperature rise of more than 1.5C</a>, governments must learn the lessons of decisions that overlook rural women or face the even larger cost of letting them – and society &#8211; down on a greater scale.



One crucial aspect for policymakers is to better understand the role and value of rural women’s assets like livestock and land, and agricultural inputs like seeds and fertilizer, to be better positioned to adopt policies that do not undermine or compromise them.



Most women smallholders already start from a disadvantaged position, with&nbsp;gender gaps in land tenure particularly stark. Men represent between&nbsp;<a href="http://www.fao.org/gender-landrights-database/data-map/statistics/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">70&nbsp;and 90&nbsp;per cent&nbsp;of landowners</a>&nbsp;in most countries, and as many as&nbsp;<a href="https://www.oecd.org/publications/sigi-2019-global-report-bc56d212-en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">29 countries</a>&nbsp;deny widows and daughters the same rights as their male relatives to inherit land and non-land assets.



To ensure national decisions and policies do not adversely impact women’s access to land and other assets, or force them to sell their animals to cope with crises, governments need&nbsp;<a href="https://gender.cgiar.org/news-events/improved-data-collection-could-pinpoint-promising-strategies-womens-empowerment-through" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">more and better data</a>&nbsp;on what assets women have and how they use them.



A second key factor is the provision of financial services, aid and benefits for the most vulnerable, including rural women.



For example,&nbsp;<a href="http://gender.cgiar.org/covidpolicies" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a new study</a>&nbsp;of three African countries found that Senegal’s covid-related movement restrictions prevented women in agri-business, such as those involved in small-scale fishing, from accessing fish farms and markets as normal. This reduced not only their livelihoods and food security, but also those of their families and communities.



In response, the Rapid Entrepreneurship Delegation fund developed and implemented gender-responsive financial support targeting Very Small, Small and Medium Enterprises facing difficulties related to the pandemic.&nbsp;Women fish sellers were offered unsecured loans&nbsp;– or “nano-loans” &#8211; that did not require collateral, ranging from 10,000 to 300,000 CFA francs (US$17-530) with daily or weekly repayments options.



While this retrospective assistance provided a crucial lifeline for women impacted by pandemic restrictions, a more efficient approach might have involved consulting with women at the outset to either adapt the restrictions or offset their impact with upfront support.



This can be achieved by offering rural women loans requiring no collateral,&nbsp;loans with low-interest or longer repayment periods,&nbsp;or tailoring banking services to their realities, which may include limited literacy or access to technology.



Finally, government departments must develop strategies to always include rural women&nbsp;in policy-making processes, so that any response to a crisis does not need to be retrofitted to address both women and men’s needs equally.



Women’s organisations that are usually the first responders for community issues could be an entry point for identifying the audiences and demographics to engage, for example.



Investing in women’s leadership, particularly in rural areas, is another way to encourage women to empower themselves and speak on behalf of their constituents.



And making the use of gender analysis and data divided by gender and age the norm in policy development is crucial. These tools will help shape the design of response measures that reflect and address the differentiated needs and priorities of rural women and men.



But first and foremost, it is essential that governments recognise that women, especially those in rural areas, are among the most vulnerable groups in society&nbsp;because they are often the most excluded from decision-making and decisions.



As a result, authorities are often left playing catch up to redress the imbalance retrospectively.



At best, such an approach is inefficient because it requires additional resources to address an ever-widening gender gap. And at worst, it undermines gender equality, basic human rights and the prospects of everyone from families to communities to entire economies.



The pandemic should be the wake-up call needed to start listening to rural women before the next crisis makes it too late.



Ends

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Listening to rural women should be the first defence against crises, not a last resort

Africa-report

A Just Transition for Africa: Championing a Fair and Prosperous Pathway to Net Zero

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="820" height="547" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/25392653883_c566caf364_o-820x547.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-412680" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/25392653883_c566caf364_o-820x547.jpg 820w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/25392653883_c566caf364_o-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/25392653883_c566caf364_o-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/25392653883_c566caf364_o-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/25392653883_c566caf364_o-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/25392653883_c566caf364_o-scaled.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption>Women of Color in Tech stock images, Women in Tech stock images Photo: via Flickr</figcaption></figure>



In a hyper connected and increasingly digitized global landscape, human connection and interaction has been, and continues to be, transformed. Information communication technologies (ICTs) have acted as an enabler to the human experience in many ways: revolutionizing healthcare delivery through <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/medical-delivery-drones-coronavirus-africa-us/">drones</a> in remote geographic spaces, facilitating online shopping and bolstering communication. However, on the same vein, ICTs have in other ways revealed the ways in which inequalities (if unaddressed) can be precipitated by the proliferation of ICTs.



The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the need for people to be digitally networked. Education, employment and other activities migrated almost exclusively online overnight. Those without digital connection were left out and, as a result, livelihoods for many were lost.



With limited job opportunities in <a href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-02/03/c_139718446.htm">Botswana</a>, and in Africa more generally, some people resort to grassroots <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31421/135420-ProfitingfromParityFullReport.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y">entrepreneurship</a> out of necessity for their livelihoods. The nature of their entrepreneurial activities require social interaction – some as street vendors in bustling roads and alleys. Many of these individual merchants and grassroots entrepreneurs are women. During the peak of the pandemic, particularly the lockdown periods, many grassroots entrepreneurial activities for these women were halted in the then silent streets. It is reported that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a <a href="https://www.theafricareport.com/102008/how-covid-19-disproportionately-affected-women-led-businesses/">disproportionate</a> adverse effect on women entrepreneurs.



Africa has the world’s highest numbers of female entrepreneurs. And according to the Mastercard <a href="https://newsroom.mastercard.com/mea/press-releases/africa-claims-top-three-spots-in-mastercard-index-for-highest-concentration-of-women-businesses-owners-in-the-world/">Index</a>, Botswana in particular, has the second highest number of female business owners in the world, just behind Uganda. Botswana’s female business owners have shown an increase over the past years from ranking 36% in the MasterCard Index in 2019 to 38.5% in 2020.



As Africa, and Botswana specifically, gears itself to building back better post COVID-19, digital technologies provide <a href="https://www.oecd.org/digital/bridging-the-digital-gender-divide.pdf">new pathways</a> for entrepreneurial empowerment for women. Women’s digital entrepreneurship is a key driver of socio-economic development in Botswana, Southern Africa, Africa in general and indeed the world. The female economy is <a href="https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-and-women-africa-join-forces-promote-womens-digital-skills-and-entrepreneurship-across#:~:text=According%20to%20McKinsey%2C%20the%20female,community%2C%20country%20and%20continental%20level.">said</a> to be “the world’s largest emerging market, with the potential to add $12trillion to global GDP by 2025”.



Digital transformation offers unique <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/6/28/we-have-a-duty-to-build-a-better-post-pandemic-digital-world">opportunities</a> for entrepreneurial women and opens them up to a digital world where access to information, innovative business ideas and employment opportunities are at their grasp. Technology and innovation play a vital role in achieving gender equality in a world inundated with gender-related economic and social biases and challenges. The opportunities provided by technology and ICTs for women entrepreneurs are in digital commerce, digital services and other novel entrepreneurial opportunities that will continue to unfold. It is therefore vital that access to ICTs are provided to women so as to ensure that digital solutions and the efficiencies they provide enable women to thrive in their micro, small and/or medium-sized entrepreneurial ventures.



Botswana’s burgeoning women entrepreneurs are important drivers and contributors of the country’s sustainable socio-economic growth. Innovative business ventures with digital solutions are important in a post-pandemic era and gender-sensitive national domestic policies that consider gender disparities will ensure the equitable inclusion of women in Botswana’s developmental strategy. The African Union’s <a href="https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/36195-doc-au_strategy_for_gender_equality_womens_empowerment_2018-2028_report.pdf">Strategy</a> for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment takes particular note of including women in the developmental strategy of the African continent.



How can Botswana, and Africa at large, move towards gender equality through digital entrepreneurship where pre-existing socio-economic inequalities are seeping into the digital space? This can be done through: digital literacy interventions, targeted investment programmes, gender sensitive domestic policies and digital cooperation.



<ul class="wp-block-list" type="1"><li>Digital Literacy</li></ul>



There is a <a href="https://paradigmhq.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/lr-Botswana-Digital-Rights-Inclusion-2020-Report.pdf">dearth</a> of disaggregated data to understand the extent of the current gender digital divide in Botswana. Globally, there are <a href="https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/GSMA-Connected-Women-The-Mobile-Gender-Gap-Report-2019.pdf">433 million women</a> who are unconnected to ICTs and <a href="https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/GSMA-The-Mobile-Gender-Gap-Report-2020.pdf">165 million less females</a> who are owners of a mobile phone in comparison to men. There are also <a href="https://www.bmz.de/en/news/publications/publikationen-reihen/materialie350-women-in-tech-23696">250 million</a> more men who use the internet compared to women.



A digital rights activist in Botswana, Agang Ditlhogo expressed the importance of introducing digital products at any early age, especially for women. Ditlhogo said to me: “Early child digital literacy will empower young future innovators with digital skills. And this will allow them to contribute to their communities and global tech advancements”.



She further said: “Digital literacy is generally low in Botswana. The inequalities in digital access further increase for rural or remote areas especially for women and girls”. As a co-founder of an ICT academy for children and teens, <a href="https://twitter.com/clickinggen?lang=en">The Clicking Generation</a>, Ditlhogo said, “Stakeholders across the [African] continent need to be intentional with programmes that address the current gaps in tech. There is a need for resourcing (computer equipment, curriculum, affordable internet access)”.



Digital literacy and access to ICTs is an avenue towards digital skilling for women and girls both in urban and rural areas; and starting this at an early age will shape their use of digital tools to support their micro, small or medium-sized enterprises.



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Targeted Investment Mechanisms</li></ul>



While women entrepreneurs in Botswana and Africa continues to increase, one of the <a href="https://ideas4development.org/en/ffemale-entrepreneurship-key-ingredient-africa-growth/">challenges</a> they face is a <a href="https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-and-women-africa-join-forces-promote-womens-digital-skills-and-entrepreneurship-across">lack of sufficient capital</a> to start, sustain and scale their businesses which has resulted in <a href="https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/913901553025974609/executive-summary">lower profits</a> in both the short and long-term as <a href="https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/913901553025974609/executive-summary">compared</a> to their male counterparts.&nbsp;



Efforts such as those by the African Development Bank’s Gender Equality Trust <a href="https://www.afdb.org/en/news-keywords/gender-equality-trust-fund-getf">Fund</a> – targeted investment mechanisms – are necessary to counteract the lack of financial investment women entrepreneurs in Africa face. However, more of this targeted approach and support is necessary from <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/avivahwittenbergcox/2021/09/30/investing-in-africa-invest-in-women/?sh=17af53a1d097">private sector investors</a>, including tech companies, to <a href="https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-and-women-africa-join-forces-promote-womens-digital-skills-and-entrepreneurship-across">invest</a> in female digital entrepreneurship.&nbsp;



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Gender-sensitive and Intentional Policies</li></ul>



There are strides to bridge the gender digital divide and increase women and girls’ participation in the digital sphere. One such example is the <a href="https://www.eskills4girls.org/about/">#eSkills4Girls</a> initiative that was established under the German G20 Presidency.



Ditlhogo, the founder of the ICTs academy for children and teens in Botswana, explained to me that generally, on a day-to-day basis, her digital academy “has more boys registering for the programs than girls”. However, in sponsored programs such as the work she had under the #eSkills4Girls initiative, sponsored by the German Government, “the donor-sponsored training insisted that at least 51% of learners trained be girls”. Such intentional efforts to digitally empower women and girls are important and should also take place at the domestic-policy level.



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Digital Cooperation</li></ul>



Geopolitical competition has in some ways contributed to digital <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/6/28/we-have-a-duty-to-build-a-better-post-pandemic-digital-world">polarisation</a>. It is important to have digital cooperation at the international governmental level as well as at the company level. Cooperation at the governmental level is important to safeguard against international cybercrimes and for governments to dialogue on how digitalisation will impact public international law.



At the private sector level, digital cooperation should take the form of ensuring that digital solutions and innovations also cater for the <a href="https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/5/op-ed-ed-phumzile-covid-19-and-the-digital-gender-divide">low-income strata</a> of society.



Digital cooperation between the public (governments) and private sector (companies) is also important in building partnerships for the required but lacking <a href="https://www.broadbandcommission.org/Documents/working-groups/DigitalMoonshotforAfrica_Report.pdf">digital infrastructure</a> in African countries to bridge the digital connectivity gap and have universal access.



Women in Africa, including in Botswana in particular, are part of the <a href="https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-and-women-africa-join-forces-promote-womens-digital-skills-and-entrepreneurship-across">world’s largest emerging market</a> – the global female economy. As such they are an important resource who should be supported in the ways highlighted above to harness technology and digitalisation so that they chart their own digital entrepreneurial paths towards gender equality in the digital future.&nbsp;



* Mary-Jean Nleya is the founder and editor of&nbsp;<a href="http://www.theglobalcommunique.com/">The Global Communiqué</a>&nbsp;. She was recently on a Grassroots Reporting project in Malawi. She is an Emerging Leader alumnus and was invited to attend the Atlantic Dialogues in Marrakech, Morocco – organized by the OCP Policy Center in partnership with the German Marshall Fund of the United States. Follow on&nbsp;twitter:&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/thegloco">@thegloco</a>&nbsp;.

25392653883_c566caf364_o

Op-Ed: Towards Gender Equality Through Digital Entrepreneurship: Botswana’s Burgeoning Female Entrepreneurs

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="533" src="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/800px-Africa_Food_Security_14_10665092094.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-412565" srcset="https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/800px-Africa_Food_Security_14_10665092094.jpg 800w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/800px-Africa_Food_Security_14_10665092094-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/800px-Africa_Food_Security_14_10665092094-135x90.jpg 135w, https://cms.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/800px-Africa_Food_Security_14_10665092094-768x512.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption>Africa Food Security Photo: via Wikimedia Commons</figcaption></figure>



Despite many attempts on the part of African governments, international donors and local players over the last few decades, there has been no definitive answer to the African agricultural challenge. With an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.economist.com/special-report/2020/03/26/africas-population-will-double-by-2050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expected</a>&nbsp;population of 2.5 billion in 2050, Africa is facing a task on an unprecedented scale in human history: feeding a population that will have doubled in 50 years.



By every estimate, the continent has enough&nbsp;<a href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/04/28/africa-has-plenty-of-land-why-is-it-so-hard-to-make-a-living-from-it" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resources</a>&nbsp;to achieve this. Firstly, the unused arable land in Africa is estimated by the Food and Agriculture Organization to be in excess of 100 million hectares. Secondly, many of the countries on the continent still have a dominant rural population. Despite possessing both these assets, a series of unique challenges are holding the sector from truly taking off: major productivity gains are still to be made, land ownership policies and logistics issues hamper the development of commercial farms, agricultural subsidies in developed countries limit the global competitiveness of African agriculture…



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-cereals">Looking beyond cereals</h2>



Focusing on supplying the internal demand on the continent is key to boost the development of a modern agriculture in Africa. For decades, the focus has been on cereals, which are easier to harvest, move and store. But, while cereal yields&nbsp;<a href="http://www.fao.org/3/i6583e/i6583e.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increased</a>&nbsp;sixfold in East Asia between 1961 and 2013, they only increased by 1.6 times in sub-Saharan Africa. Projections clearly&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0066428" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">show</a>&nbsp;that the current yield increase trend is insufficient to close the gap on population growth.&nbsp;



As the continent begins looking&nbsp;<a href="https://www.solidaridadnetwork.org/news/preparing-africas-agriculture-for-the-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beyond</a>&nbsp;cereals for its needs, one agricultural sector which remains underexplored, the growing of fruit and vegetables, begins to appear more attractive. Prized for both nutritional qualities and yield rate, fruit and vegetables could be exactly what Africa needs to avoid a food crisis.



César Tella Faha, a farmer from Bafoussam, in western Cameroon, turned to vegetable production after starting as a hairdresser and then a small wholesaler. Through the use of innovative production techniques and irrigation systems, he grows tomatoes, with a yield of around 40 tonnes per hectare each season. The income allowed him to expand constantly to the point where he now owns two crop-years of six hectares of tomatoes and two more of four hectares, reaching a harvest of more than 800 tonnes. With a turnover in excess of €300,000 and dozens of workers under his employment, he has become the model of the successful agri-entrepreneur.



César&#8217;s case is not exceptional. Plenty of other farmers in Bafoussam have used similar techniques to eschew the stereotypical image attached to the African subsistence farmer. Unfortunately, however, this cliché is not entirely false, with many other farmers remaining below the poverty line.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Division of labour in the agriculture value chain</h2>



Conventional wisdom holds that entrepreneurs must control the entire value chain and sell their products directly to the final consumer. But such an approach, while appreciated by those who seek ”authentic” products, is rarely beneficial to the farmer. Farming is a high-maintenance job in which even the smallest lapse in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.agrivi.com/blog/ensure-stable-yields-with-regular-crop-maintenance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tending</a>&nbsp;the fields can result in a compromised crop. Moreover, farmers are dependent on certain times of the year for harvesting different crops, which will not necessarily be in tune with the market.



Conversely, traders specialize not in cultivating fields, but in transporting and selling the products to the consumer. Often enough, between the farmer and the marketplace trader, the goods traverse an entire range of wholesalers and semi-wholesalers who act as logisticians and distributors. Sourcing their merchandise from several farmers allows them to offer a variety of products to their customers. Consequently, the producer-vendor&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bain.com/insights/what-is-a-farmer-allied-intermediary/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pairing</a>, if carefully implemented, makes it possible to meet the needs of the market by multiplying outlets and fluidly selling agricultural production, while limiting losses for the farmers.



Despite this, agricultural middlemen are regularly held in disdain by customers who accuse them of being the cause of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/08/04/expert-middlemen-fleecing-peasant-farmers-creating-artificial-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abysmal</a>&nbsp;gap between the &#8220;field&#8221; price and the price paid by the end customer. While this is undoubtedly true sometimes, agricultural intermediaries are an indispensable part of the supply mechanisms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Supply chains in Africa</h2>



This is all the truer in Africa, where distribution is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20200408-african-street-vendors-feel-the-squeeze-under-strict-covid-19-measures-food-traders-markets-coronavirus-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fragmented</a>&nbsp;into very small sales outlets, with street vendors dominating the rural areas and small kiosks more prevalent in towns and cities. These outlets are&nbsp;<a href="http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/nutrition/docs/policies_programmes/CAADP/east_central_africa/presentations/3._Street_food_Vending_West_Africa_FAO.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">generally</a>&nbsp;run by women, who do not have the financial and operational means to buy directly from the farmers. A wholesaler is much better equipped to buy large volumes and deal with the costly transport of goods from the place where they are produced to the urban and rural settlements where they are consumed.



This organization leads to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cordaid.org/en/news/we-cut-out-the-middlemen-breaking-down-the-barriers-of-african-smallholder-farmers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intermediaries</a>&nbsp;sometimes taking advantage of farmers by imposing prices or purchase conditions that do not let them improve their living conditions. For agriculture to flourish in Africa, a shift away from predatory&nbsp;<a href="https://www.devex.com/news/why-african-agriculture-still-depends-on-the-middle-man-or-woman-88799" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">middlemen</a>&nbsp;is needed: professional suppliers who understand that their interest is not to crush the farmers, but to work with them in the long term need to take their place.



Such a shift would be advantageous to both farmers, who will get fairer prices for their labour, and the traders, who will have access to higher quality products at constant prices. Such&nbsp;<a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/09/africas-food-system-needs-a-better-class-of-middlemen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">responsible</a>&nbsp;intermediaries already exist, such as&nbsp;La Clé des Champs&nbsp;in Gabon,&nbsp;ASL&nbsp;in Cameroon, and&nbsp;Pure Grow Africa&nbsp;in Uganda and Kenya. Dozens of other, smaller such businesses dot the continent.



These fruit and vegetable SMEs are essential to the sector because they allow it to be regulated, modernized and, above all, to improve the quality and price of the end product.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Obstacles remain, even locally</h2>



Despite being rarely mentioned, one of the largest obstacles to the development of these new, formal businesses is the crippling taxation system. They are subject to the same rules of VAT, corporate tax, and other taxes as conventional businesses, while having to operate in a sector dominated by an informal economy.



Most of their&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644432" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">competitors</a>&nbsp;do not pay any taxes, which allows them to sell at aggressive prices and maintain an iron grip on much of the supply chain. New entrants, therefore, have no interest in going formal. This issue is to be addressed if the agricultural sector is to truly prosper.



For example, ASL works with small producers throughout Cameroon. The company pre-finances their campaigns, provides them with technical support to improve their production, and buys their products to market them. On the local market, these products are subject to various taxes, including a VAT of 19.25%, which automatically leads to increased prices.



These informal competitors are simple traders who buy and sell at the best prices, do not support the farmers over the long term, and do not seek continuous improvement in quality, with price as their only objective. The 20% mark-up incurred by the formal traders makes it very difficult for them to compete. The whole value chain suffers: upstream, the farmers who are not supported, and downstream, the consumers who are forced to buy lower quality products.



The fruit and vegetable sector is an exceptional opportunity for Africa to meet its gigantic food needs. African farmers have everything to gain if the sector is better organized. Virtuous intermediaries will&nbsp;<a href="https://www.empowerafrica.com/the-future-of-food-production-in-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">professionalize</a>&nbsp;the sector, providing important season pre-financing for farmers, quality logistics which reduce losses, stable outlets that enable farmers to plan for the long term, and a reduction in imports by offering cheaper local products.



Such a <a href="https://www.solidaridadnetwork.org/news/preparing-africas-agriculture-for-the-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">future</a> for African agriculture is within grasp, but unfair competition and indiscriminate taxation seriously hamper the pace of modernization. 



Bobby Juuko, founder of Pure Grow Africa, and François-Xavier d&#8217;Ornellas, the CEO and founder of French impact specialist classM.

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