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<p>Zimbabwe President Emmerson Mnangagwa addressed the nation at this year’s 2019 State of the Nation Address which he acknowledged deepening poverty in a country that has seen record inflation, rolling blackouts and cash shortages. Joseph Busha, Managing Director, JM BUSHA Investment Group and Batanai Matsika, Head Of Research At Morgan &#038; Co joins CNBC Africa to unpack some the key issues that the president looks to tackle.</p>


Emmerson Mnangagwa calls for patience as he rebuilds Zim economy

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<p>Zimbabwe’s central bank has frozen the accounts of the country’s largest fuel supplier, Sakunda Petroleum and car dealership, Croco Motors. The governments clamp down on fraud is also moving into bigger sectors with the securities and exchange commission of Zimbabwe launching an anti- money laundering campaign. Joining CNBC Africa for more is Batanai Matsika, Head of Research at Morgan &#038; Co.</p>


Zim Central Bank freezes banking accounts amid clamp down on foreign exchange black market activities

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<p>Climate Change cannot be put off for decades. It is here and now, impacting countries across Africa from Zimbabwe to Zambia. Recognising this Standard Bank has joined the coalition of 130 global financial firms in agreeing to align their business with international efforts to address climate change and other environmental issues. The group that signed on to the United Nations’ Principles for Responsible Banking represents $47 trillion in assets. Sola David-Borha, Standard Bank Group’s Chief Executive for Africa Regions joins CNBC Africa for more.</p>


How banks can align their business strategies to fighting climate change

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<p>The Big Mac index has become a world phenomenon to indicate currency and economics all over the world. But here in Southern Africa the Morgan &#038; Co research team has developed the Cola-Nomics index. This index compares the economic productivity and standard of living in different African countries using the price of Coca Cola as a point of reference. Joining CNBC Africa for more is Batanai Matsika, Head of Research at Morgan &#038; Co.</p>


What the price of Coca Cola reveals about the economic productivity of SSA countries


<p>It was a <em><a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/wef/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="World Economic Forum (WEF) (opens in a new tab)">World Economic Forum </a></em><a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/wef/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="World Economic Forum (WEF) (opens in a new tab)">(WEF)</a> <em>on Africa</em> like no another as thousands of delegates from around the world descended on Cape Town, South Africa from the 4<sup>th</sup>-6<sup>th</sup> September. &nbsp;They were there to <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/05/how-to-garner-a-large-slice-of-africas-overcrowded-telecoms-market/">strike deals</a>, see what the <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/05/standard-chartered-banks-saif-malik-on-the-digital-era-of-banking-in-africa/">best of Africa had to offer</a> and <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/uncategorized/2019/09/10/wef-africa-debate-africas-economic-update/">how its economies are performing</a>. For example, <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/09/zimbabwe-is-working-on-currency-challenges-mnangagwa/">Zimbabwe’s President Emmerson Mnangagwa</a>, <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/04/masisi-khama-is-not-botswana-and-neither-is-masisi/">Botswana’s President Mokgweetsi Masisi</a>, <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/uncategorized/2019/09/06/the-good-the-bad-and-ugly-zimbabwes-founding-father/">Namibia’s President Hage Geingob</a> and <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/04/finmin-mthuli-ncube-on-the-investment-case-for-zimbabwe/">Zimbabwe’s Finance Minister Mthuli Ncube</a> went into detail during their interviews with CNBC Africa at the World Economic Forum Africa on how their Southern African counties are open for business.</p>





<p>The delegates were also there to discuss and
devise polices on “<a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/uncategorized/2019/09/12/why-siemens-believes-east-africa-is-an-investment-hotspot/">Shaping
Inclusive Growth</a> and <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/uncategorized/2019/09/10/visa-breakfast-panel-the-impact-of-4ir-on-the-state-of-female-entrepreneurship/">Shared
Futures in the Fourth Industrial Revolution</a>”, a subject both South Africa’s
<a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/02/shaping-inclusive-growth-and-shared-futures-in-4ir-wef-africa-holds-media-briefing-ahead-of-wef-2019/">Finance
Minister Tito Mboweni</a> and <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/04/emir-sanusi-on-how-can-africa-achieve-inclusive-growth/">Nigeria’s
Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II</a> where particularly passionate about. </p>



<p>But while inside the Cape Town
International Convention Centre (CITCC) things were cordial it was outside the
CITCC where the real action was happening. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/04/sa-women-protest-against-gbv-at-wefafrica19/">Hundreds
of protesters gathered</a> against gender-based violence, and members of the
Nigerian delegation departed on the first day of WEF Africa in protest against
the xenophobic violence that rocked the country. &nbsp;Even South Africa’s <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/uncategorized/2019/09/05/sa-president-addresses-gbv-afrophobic-violence/">President
Cyril Ramaphosa had to take time out of his busy schedule</a> at WEF Africa to
address the continent and investors on these matters. </p>





<p>Delegates at the event spoke out strongly against
Afrophobia during their interviews with CNBC Africa, such as: </p>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li><a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/04/anglogold-ashantis-sipho-pityana-on-how-sa-is-dealing-with-xenophobic-attacks/">AngloGold Ashanti’s Sipho Pityana on how SA is dealing with xenophobic attacks</a></li><li>South Africa’s International Relations and Cooperation Minister Naledi Pandor: <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/05/sa-embassy-shut-in-nigeria-buhari-still-to-visit/">SA embassy shut in Nigeria – Buhari still to visit</a></li><li>The African Union Commission’s <a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/04/albert-muchanga-on-how-mutual-tolerance-is-key-in-trade-xenophobia-africas-shared-future/">&nbsp;Albert Muchanga: on how mutual tolerance is key in trade, xenophobia &amp; Africa’s shared future</a>.</li></ul>



<p>On the final day WEF Africa was also marked
by the passing of an African villain and liberator, Zimbabwe’s former President
Robert Mugabe, both inside and outside the CITCC people remembered him. </p>



<p>Such as:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/uncategorized/2019/09/06/namibian-president-geingob-on-the-good-the-bad-and-ugly-zimbabwes-founding-father/">Namibian
president Geingob on the good, the bad and ugly: Zimbabwe’s founding father</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/06/zanu-pf-spokesperson-mandaza-reflects-on-mugabes-contribution-to-zimbabwes-liberation-struggle/">Zanu-PF
Spokesperson Mandaza reflects on Mugabe’s contribution to Zimbabwe’s liberation
struggle</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2019/09/06/tiamiyou-radji-on-mugabe-the-fight-he-fought-has-yielded-freedom-for-us/">Tiamiyou
Radji on Mugabe: “The fight he fought has yielded freedom for us”</a></li></ul>



<p></p>


Missed the World Economic Forum (WEF) Africa 2019? Here are all the highlights


<p>HARARE (Reuters) &#8211; A plane has left Zimbabwe for Singapore carrying government officials and relatives to bring home the body of Robert Mugabe, but it was still not clear where the former leader would be buried, a family spokesman said on Monday.</p>



<p>Mugabe’s family is pushing back against the government’s plan to bury him at the National Heroes Acre monument in Harare and wants him to be interred in his home village, relatives have told Reuters.</p>



<p>Leo Mugabe, the late president’s nephew and family spokesman, said a charter plane left Harare for Singapore just after 9 a.m. (0700 GMT) on Monday.</p>



<p>Mugabe’s body was expected to arrive in Zimbabwe on Wednesday at 3 p.m. (1300 GMT), Leo Mugabe told Reuters.</p>



<p>But when pressed on where Mugabe would be buried, Leo Mugabe was non-committal.</p>



<p>“Mugabe was a chief and he will be buried in accordance with tradition. The chiefs have not told us where he will be buried, so it is not clear yet. I also don’t know,” he said.</p>



<p>In some parts of Zimbabwe, burials of chiefs are a secret affair and people are only told the resting place afterwards.</p>



<p>Mugabe died on Friday aged 95 in Singapore, where he had long received medical treatment. He had dominated Zimbabwean politics for almost four decades from independence in 1980 until he was removed by his own army in a November 2017 coup.</p>



<p>Revered by many as a liberator who freed his people from white minority rule, Mugabe was vilified by others for wrecking one of Africa’s most promising economies and ruthlessly crushing his opponents.</p>



<p>Mugabe’s resting place has been a topic of discussion since the Zimbabwe Independent newspaper reported last month that Mugabe would snub the offer of a burial at National Heroes Acre &#8211; a site reserved for the country’s heroes &#8211; because he felt bitter about the way he was removed from power.</p>



<p>The Zimbabwean government said in a memo sent to embassies that it planned to hold a state funeral for Mugabe in the National Sports Stadium on Saturday, with a burial ceremony on Sunday, but it did not say where the burial would be.</p>



<p>If Mugabe is buried in Kutama village, 85 km (50 miles) from Harare, it would be a major rebuke for his successor, President Emmerson Mnangagwa, and the ruling ZANU-PF party that Mugabe helped to found.</p>



<p>Reporting by MacDonald Dzirutwe; Editing by Giles Elgood </p>


Plane leaves Zimbabwe for Singapore to bring home the body of former president Robert Mugabe

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<p>Mixed reactions are pouring in from all over the world after the death of former President of Zimbabwe and leader of Zanu PF, Robert Mugabe – having ruled Zimbabwe for 39 years. Zimbabwean Political Analyst, Ibbo Mandaza joins CNBC Africa for more.</p>


Political Analyst Ibbo Mandaza reflects on Mugabe’s legacy

By <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tapiwa-chagonda-554954">Tapiwa Chagonda</a>, <em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-johannesburg-1275">University of Johannesburg</a></em></span>

<p>Zimbabwe is going through its worst socio-economic and political crisis in two decades. Crippling daily power outages of <a href="https://www.biznews.com/africa/2019/08/05/zimbabwe-tipping-point-economic-crisis">up to 18 hours</a> and erratic supply of clean water are just some of the most obvious signs. Meanwhile, an inflation rate of over 500% has put the prices of basic goods beyond the reach of most people.</p>

<p>Hopes that the end of President Robert Mugabe’s ruinous rule in November 2017 would help put the country on a new path of peace and prosperity have long <a href="https://theconversation.com/fantasy-that-mnangagwa-would-fix-zimbabwe-now-fully-exposed-110197">dissipated</a>. Efforts by his successor President Emmerson Mnangagwa to <a href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/zimbabwe-is-open-for-business-says-mnangagwa-12913367">attract foreign investors</a>, who are critical in reviving Zimbabwe’s ailing economy, have also largely failed.</p>

<p>The situation has not been helped by the rejection of the 2018 presidential election results by the main opposition party. The Movement for Democratic Change Alliance (MDC-A) claims the governing Zanu-PF stole the elections even though the results were <a href="https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/Regional-observers-Zimbabwe-election-free-and-fair/4552902-4692254-e75fje/index.html">endorsed</a> as free and fair by the African Union and Southern African Development Community (SADC). Only the European Union observers were somewhat circumspect <a href="https://www.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/eu-observers-say-zimbabwe-election-fell-short-on-fairness-20181010">in their assessment</a>. </p>

<hr>
<p>
  <em>
    <strong>
      Read more:
      <a href="http://theconversation.com/fantasy-that-mnangagwa-would-fix-zimbabwe-now-fully-exposed-110197">Fantasy that Mnangagwa would fix Zimbabwe now fully exposed</a>
    </strong>
  </em>
</p>
<hr>


<p>The opposition alliance has been calling for Mnangagwa’s government to relinquish power, and a <a href="https://www.openparly.co.zw/chamisa-calls-for-national-trasitional-authority/">national transitional authority</a> appointed to run the country for at least two years, or until the 2023 general elections.</p>

<p>How individuals who will sit on the national transitional authority will be chosen and by whom, is not clear. But the party and <a href="https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2019/03/01/towards-the-national-transitional-authority/">some academics</a> believe such a transitional authority would normalise Zimbabwe’s highly polarised political situation and help it revive its relations with the West.</p>

<p>The opposition may have a point on re-engagement with the West. This is key to helping end the investment drought that started in earnest <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.908.3003&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf">between 2000 and 2003</a> under sanctions imposed by Western countries for human rights violations linked to Zanu-PF’s violent land reform seizures and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jun/03/zimbabwe.andrewmeldrum">election rigging</a>.</p>

<p>But the transitional authority idea is doomed to fail because of lack of buy-in by Zanu-PF. So, it’s time to consider a more viable alternative path to peace for Zimbabwe.</p>

<h2>Clamping down</h2>

<p>For now, the government has dismissed talk of a transitional authority as unconstitutional. Instead, in May it launched its own platform, called the <a href="https://www.panafricanvisions.com/2019/zimbabwe-mnangagwa-launches-the-political-actors-dialogue-to-address-long-term-economic-challenges/">Political Actors Dialogue</a>. The forum comprises 17 small political parties that participated in the 2018 elections. </p>

<p>The main opposition party is boycotting the process on grounds that Mnangagwa is an illegitimate president. Recently, it attempted to <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=5&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi-gdPunLfkAhXfSBUIHdWZCeIQFjAEegQIBBAB&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-49366224&amp;usg=AOvVaw0fkr2f1y4BV0-4W2SlJHGY">embark on public protests</a> in the hope of bringing the government to its knees. The protests fell flat after being blocked by the courts and the police.</p>

<p>It boggles the mind why the MDC-A, led by Nelson Chamisa, insists on marches when previous attempts were crushed with brute force. These led to deaths in <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=21&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwingbiQ87TkAhVsZhUIHWexAsIQFjAUegQICBAB&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FAfrica%2FZimbabwe%2Fzimbabwean-generals-deny-troops-shot-and-killed-6-protesters-20181113&amp;usg=AOvVaw02nyk1uLwat64nJso2EImF">August 2018</a> and <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwicyIfl87TkAhV9SBUIHXzrAC4QFjAAegQIAhAB&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2019-01-30-zim-army-responsible-for-murders-rapes-report&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fiTJ2kraC9xNiMyQ4TBM6">January 2019</a>. </p>

<p>The Zanu-PF regime has always clamped down heavily on perceived threats to its rule since 1980. Why then does the MDC-A continue to endanger people’s lives through this deadly route as a way of resolving Zimbabwe’s socio-economic and political crises?</p>

<p>I firmly believe that the opposition needs to change tack and focus on entering into dialogue with the government. </p>

<h2>Dialogue and unity government</h2>

<p>Zimbabwe’s ongoing crisis requires the two leading political protagonists &#8211; Mnangagwa and Chamisa &#8211; to enter into serious dialogue. Both leaders need to soften their hard-line stances towards each other and put the people of Zimbabwe first.</p>

<p>There’s a precedent for this. Ten years ago, then South African President Thabo Mbeki managed to bring then President Mugabe and Movement for Democratic Change opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai to the <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=11&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiMheeVnrfkAhVXShUIHeBIDw04ChAWMAB6BAgAEAE&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20080721-mbeki-harare-mediate-talks-zimbabwe-political-crisis&amp;usg=AOvVaw2pLPeTVwBEVrH2TSAcW5e3">negotiation table</a>. </p>

<p>The talks culminated in the formation of the government of national unity that ran Zimbabwe from February 2009 to July 2013, with Mugabe as the President and Tsvangirai as the Prime Minister. The unity government was fairly successful and managed to <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=10&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiv9PjanrfkAhUUTBUIHQR0D0cQFjAJegQIABAB&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindependent.co.zw%2F2013%2F07%2F11%2Freflecting-on-positive-zimbabwe-gnu-moments%2F&amp;usg=AOvVaw25plQQHFWt-5PTjI9_Fi6J">stabilise the economy</a>.</p>

<p>Two decades of suffering have shown that it is not the threat of protests or sanctions from the West that can move Zanu-PF to change, but neighbouring countries under the aegis of <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=11&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwia1fucj7HkAhWnRhUIHcY8Dvc4ChAWMAB6BAgAEAI&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fpdf-files%2Fbueros%2Fmosambik%2F07874.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw2PSzn2eTrgI53Cnw2yrI2t">SADC</a>. South Africa is pivotal in this regard as the region’s strongest economic and military power. </p>

<p>It’s time to experiment with a second government of national unity for Zimbabwe. But for this to happen, SADC and South Africa must have the appetite to intervene in Zimbabwe. This is currently lacking. </p>

<h2>Dialogue in Zimbabwe’s history</h2>

<p>Historically, dialogue has moved Zimbabwe forward as a nation during its darkest hours. </p>

<ul>
<li><p>A year before independence in 1980, battle-hardened guerrilla commanders agreed to talk to the then Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, to end Zimbabwe’s liberation war even though they were convinced that they were winning. </p></li>
<li><p>In 1987 Joshua Nkomo, who was the leader of the main opposition party, the Zimbabwean African People’s Union, agreed to talk to his political nemesis, then Prime Minister Mugabe. Yet before this, he had been hounded out of the country by Mugabe in the mid-80s, and <a href="https://books.google.co.za/books?id=zi-tWekXbD8C&amp;pg=PA19&amp;lpg=PA19&amp;dq=%22the+early+rain+which+washes+away+the+chaff+before+the+spring+rains%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=dWX2SIUj7r&amp;sig=0aDLpmmQfN93e_RNJuKcBmGGEYI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwioi-joj6LWAhWE7hoKHRF_C7wQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&amp;q=%22the%20early%20rain%20which%20washes%20away%20the%20chaff%20before%20the%20spring%20rains%22&amp;f=false">thousands of his supporters killed</a>. </p></li>
<li><p>More recently in 2009, Morgan Tsvangirai agreed to enter into a unity government with Mugabe, despite winning the first round of the <a href="https://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-10-00-zim-2008-election-taken-by-a-gun-not-a-pen">2008 elections</a>. The unity government briefly resuscitated and stabilised Zimbabwe’s fragile economy. Hyperinflation was tamed, basic commodities became available again and people regained purchasing power.</p></li>
</ul>

<h2>The way forward</h2>

<p>Given the MDC-A’s positive contribution during its brief stint in the 2009-2013 unity government, the party should be expending its energies on dialogue. The main opposition party can enter into a second government of national unity, but continue building and strengthening its own support.</p>

<p>In the same vein, Zanu-PF also needs to realise that without the involvement of the MDC-A, its attempts to revive the economy and end the strife in the country, on its own terms, are destined to fail.<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/122726/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important" /></p>

<p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tapiwa-chagonda-554954">Tapiwa Chagonda</a>, Associate Professor of Sociology, <em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-johannesburg-1275">University of Johannesburg</a></em></span></p>

<p>This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/zimbabwes-deepening-crisis-time-for-second-government-of-national-unity-122726">original article</a>.</p>

Zimbabwe’s deepening crisis: Here’s why it’s time for a second government of national unity

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<p>Zimbabwe’s President Emmerson Mnangagwa was at WEF Africa to send the message that the Southern African nation is open for business. He spoke to CNBC Africa’s Fifi Peters on this and dealing with its currency crisis.</p>


Zimbabwe is working on currency challenges – Mnangagwa

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<p>Mixed reactions are pouring in from all over the world after the death of former President of Zimbabwe and leader of Zanu PF, Robert Mugabe – having ruled Zimbabwe for 39 years. Zimbabwean entrepreneur and publisher, Trevor Ncube joins CNBC Africa’s Chris Bishop for more.</p>


In conversation with Zim publisher Trevor Ncube on Mugabe’s legacy

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<p>Mixed reactions are pouring in from all over the world after the death of former President of Zimbabwe and leader of Zanu PF, Robert Mugabe – having ruled Zimbabwe for 39 years. Zimbabwean Economist, Godfrey Kanyenze joins CNBC Africa’s Godfrey Mutizwa for more.</p>


Godfrey Kanyenze: “Mugabe overstayed his welcome”

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<p>Mixed reactions are pouring in from all over the world after the death of former President of Zimbabwe and leader of Zanu PF, Robert Mugabe – having ruled Zimbabwe for 39 years. Broadcaster, Gerry Jackson joins CNBC Africa’s Chris Bishop for more.</p>


Gerry Jackson on Mugabe’s love-hate relationship with the media


<p>HARARE (Reuters) &#8211; Following are key milestones in the life of Zimbabwe’s former leader Robert Mugabe.</p>



<p>1924 &#8211; Mugabe is born on Feb. 21 in what was then British-ruled Southern Rhodesia.</p>



<p>1940s-1950s &#8211; He is educated at Catholic schools and attends South Africa’s University of Fort Hare. He teaches in Zambia and Ghana, where he is influenced by African independence movement leaders.</p>



<p>1960s &#8211; Mugabe campaigns for Zimbabwe’s independence and is imprisoned in 1964 for political agitation. While incarcerated, he earns two law degrees from the University of London External Programme.</p>



<p>1974 &#8211; Released from prison, he escapes to Mozambique were Zimbabwe African National Union guerrilla fighters elect him to lead their struggle against white minority rule. A number of rivals die in suspicious circumstances, rights groups say.</p>



<p>1980 &#8211; Mugabe’s ZANU-PF party wins independent Zimbabwe’s first election. He takes office as prime minister on April 18.</p>



<p>1982 &#8211; Mugabe deploys North Korean-trained troops to crush an insurgency by former guerrillas loyal to his liberation war rival Joshua Nkomo. Government forces are accused of involvement in the killing of 20,000 civilians, which Mugabe denies.</p>



<p>1987 &#8211; He becomes president with sweeping executive powers after changes to the constitution and signs a unity pact with Nkomo, who becomes one of his two deputies.</p>



<p>1990 &#8211; ZANU-PF and Mugabe win parliamentary and presidential elections.</p>



<p>1998 &#8211; An economic crisis marked by high interest rates and inflation sparks riots.</p>



<p>2000 &#8211; Zimbabweans reject a new constitution in a referendum, Mugabe’s first defeat at the ballot box.</p>



<p>&#8211; Thousands of independence war veterans and their allies, backed by the government, seize white-owned farms, saying the land was illegally appropriated by white settlers.</p>



<p>2001 &#8211; The United States puts a financial freeze on Mugabe’s government in response to land seizures, beginning a wave of Western sanctions. Mugabe’s relationship with the West, especially the U.S. and Britain, never recovers.</p>



<p>2002 &#8211; Mugabe wins a disputed presidential vote, which observers condemn as flawed.</p>



<p>&#8211; Zimbabwe is suspended from the British Commonwealth over accusations of human rights abuses and economic mismanagement. Mugabe pulls his country from the grouping the following year.</p>



<p>2008 &#8211; Hyperinflation reaches 500 billion percent, the nadir of an economic implosion that forces millions of people to leave the country, many to neighbouring South Africa.</p>



<p>&#8211; Mugabe loses a presidential vote but wins the run-off after opponent Morgan Tsvangirai withdraws citing violence against his supporters by security forces and war veterans. A power-sharing agreement is signed.</p>



<p>2010 &#8211; Media reports say Mugabe is seriously ill with cancer, speculation that continues in following years.</p>



<p>2013 &#8211; Mugabe wins another disputed presidential vote. Western observers site multiple accounts of electoral fraud.</p>



<p>2016 &#8211; Protesters led by a pastor stage the biggest show of defiance against Mugabe in a decade, prompting speculation about life after the veteran leader.</p>



<p>2017 &#8211; Mugabe is forced to resign in November following an army coup and is replaced by Emmerson Mnangagwa, the man he had fired as his deputy two weeks earlier.</p>



<p>2018 &#8211; Mugabe is seen in public for the first time since leaving power. He berates his former ZANU-PF allies and backs opposition leader Nelson Chamisa on the eve of an election.</p>



<p>2019 &#8211; Mugabe travels several times to Singapore to seek medical treatment as pictures of the gaunt, gray-haired former leader circulate on social media.</p>



<p>Compiled by MacDonald Dzirutwe, Joe Brock and Alexandra Zavis; editing by Darren Schuettler</p>


TIMELINE: A look at the life of Zimbabwe’s late former president Robert Mugabe

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<p>Mixed reactions are pouring in from all over the world after the death of former President of Zimbabwe and leader of Zanu PF, Robert Mugabe – having ruled Zimbabwe for 39 years. Minister of International Relations and Cooperation, Naledi Pandor joins CNBC Africa’s Chris Bishop for more.</p>


World Economic Forum: Minister Naledi Pandor reflects on Robert Mugabe’s legacy

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<p>Mixed reactions are pouring in from all over the world after the death of former President of Zimbabwe and leader of Zanu PF, Robert Mugabe – having ruled Zimbabwe for 39 years. Tiamiyou Radji of Werobotics joins CNBC Africa’s Chris Bishop for more.</p>


Tiamiyou Radji on Mugabe: “The fight he fought has yielded freedom for us”

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<p>Mixed reactions are pouring in from all over the world after the death of former President of Zimbabwe and leader of Zanu PF, Robert Mugabe – having ruled Zimbabwe for 39 years. Kennedy Mandaza, Spokesperson of the Zanu PF joins CNBC Africa’s Chris Bishop for more.</p>


Zanu-PF Spokesperson Mandaza reflects on Mugabe’s contribution to Zimbabwe’s liberation struggle


<p>This is a developing story </p>



<p>Zimbabwe&#8217;s former president Robert Mugabe has died at the age of 95. The former president died in a Singapore hospital where he was receiving medical treatment. </p>



<p>In 2017 Mugabe resigned as Zimbabwe’s president shortly after parliament began an impeachment process to end his nearly four decades of rule. </p>



<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">Cde Mugabe was an icon of liberation, a pan-Africanist who dedicated his life to the emancipation and empowerment of his people. His contribution to the history of our nation and continent will never be forgotten. May his soul rest in eternal peace (2/2)</p>&mdash; President of Zimbabwe (@edmnangagwa) <a href="https://twitter.com/edmnangagwa/status/1169839311430115329?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 6, 2019</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>


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